Attitude Toward Quality Of Community Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter presents the design and research methodological analysis that was implemented to look into attitudes toward quality of community pharmaceutics services of consumer position in London. It is besides included research doctrines, research attacks, research designs, research method and informations aggregation. Finally, this chapter describes the instruments for informations aggregation and informations analysis process.3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHYResearch doctrine can be defined as the development of the research background, research cognition and its nature ( Saunders and Thornhill, 2007 ) . Research doctrine defined with the aid of research paradigm. Research doctrine guides how the research is to be conducted ( Gliner and Morgan, 2000:17 ) Figure 3.1 The research onion M05NF001 Beginning: The research procedure ‘onion ‘ ( Saunders et al. , 2009 ) In direction research which province of Saunder et Al ( 2009 ) There are four research doctrines which are positivism, pragmatism, interpretivism and pragmatism ( see Figure 3.1 ) .3.2.1 PositivismThe Positivism construct is straight associated with objectivism which are collapsible shelters to roll up general information and information from a big sample of societal alternatively of concentrating on research inside informations. Ester-by-smith et Al 2006, province Positivism attack to roll up the informations chiefly related to observations and experiment. It is a free position which has a certain valued place which could be somewhat biased3.2.2 RealismRealism doctrine chiefly belief of world that are already bing in the environment. There are two chief attacks in pragmatism, which believing direct and critical pragmatism that what we sense are in direct relation to our esthesiss, it is lone portion of a bigger image.3.2.3 InterpretivismIn the field of direction research interpretiv ism can be referred as the societal constructionism. This philosophical attack research gives importance to their beliefs and value to give equal justification for a research job. Some writers use the term phenomenological instead than inter pretivist but a term of philosophical do some people confuse with a methodological analysis known as phenomenology ( Collis and Hussey, 2003 p. 47 )3.2.4 PragmatismPragmatism usage in any research can non find that which one doctrine should be used or which is better. Pragmatism is a assorted methods ( Saunder, 2009:110 ) . Harmonizing to Tashakkori and Teddie ( 1998 ) pragmatism contend the base on experiencing instead than facts or cogent evidence approaching.3.2.4 Research Philosophy JustificationFor this research, â€Å" Positivism â€Å" paradigm is the best tantrum to research job because it investigates the attitude toward quality of community pharmaceutics service of consumer position in London. Base on the Gallic Philosopher August Co mte, province that positivism paradigm agencies of understanding human behaviors.3.3 RESEARCH APPROACHResearch attack means the manner in which the research worker will form their research in effectual manner base on two attacks as shown in the given figure 3.2 Figure 3.2 Deductive and Inductive ApproachTax write-offInitiationBeginning: Create by the writer, 2013 adopted from Wyk ( PowerPoint research design and methods part1 )3.3.1 Deductive attackHussey and Hussey ( 1997:19 ) have explained the deductive attack as survey of theoretical and conceptual construction. It tested by empirical observation. Deductive attack stairss are theory, hypothesis, observation and verification informations ( see figure 3.2 ) .3.3.2 Inductive attackInductive attack is a survey of developed from the observation of empirical world to bring forth of Torahs or general form ( Hussey and Hussey, 1997 ; 13 ) . The measure of the inductive attack are observation, forms and create theory. Some research can unite utilize both inductive and deductive attacks. ( Convaye1996 ; 236 ) which the research worker can derive several advantages.3.3.3 Research Approach JustificationThis research uses the deductive attack because the survey is based on upon the bing theory with respect to measuring and experimental the attitude of the consumer or patient. This research is related to the positivism paradigm because the deductive attack is used to give acceptable concluding for a the fact and base on bing ordinances, regulation and jurisprudence ( Crowther and Lancaster, 2009 )RESEARCH DESIGNResearch design is the procedure to bespeak what type of survey was undertaken to supply acceptable answer the research inquiry. Research design needs to stipulate the beginning of the informations aggregation and demo the right ground for taking the design. There are three types of research design ; explorative research, explanatory research and descriptive research ( Saunder et al, 2009 ) ( se e figure 3.3 ) . Figure 3.3 The categorization of research intent. Beginning: Created by writer,2013 adopted from Saunders et al,2009 Exploratory research Exploratory research helps to ease the job. It is widely used in the direction research. If any information occur, the research can set or alter into the new way. The manner to carry on explorative research for illustration a hunt of literature, carry oning focal point group interviews and to interview experts. Explanation research Explanation research is a survey of the relationship between variable ( Saunder et al, 2009 ) , to propose to alter and give grounds for events ( Hart, 2006 ) 3.4.3 Descriptive research Descriptive surveies report aim to depict a common and uncommon phenomenon by detecting the the elements and study frequences, mean and per centum. ( Glatthorn and Joyner, 2005 ; 43 ) ( Hart, 2006 )3.4.4 Research design justificationThe the type of research which is the most appropriate for this research is explanatory, due to the fact that this research is evaluated of client ‘s position in community pharmaceutics services.3.5 RESEARCH METHODResearch Method is specific techniques use to roll up informations with regard to the research job. In direction research is divided into two types as figure 3.4 Figure 3.4 Types of research method Beginning: Create by the writer, 2013 adopted from Saunders et Al, 2009 3.5.1 Quantitative derives from a rationalist epistemology, which holds that there is an nonsubjective. Typically, the quantitative research emphasizes surveies the that are experimenting and hunt for a relationship. If a survey has used a quantitative position † variable, controls, dependability, hypothesis, statistically important. 3.5.2 Qualitative is a systematic, subjective attack usage to depict life experience and state of affairs and give them intending ( Munhall, 2007 ) . Qualitative research emphasizes a phenomenological position in which research of single It â€Å" embraces the position that every bit far as peoples ‘ position are concerned, there is on one individual truth â€Å" ( Hurtley and Muhit 2003 ; 103-104 ) . In other word, different people interpret things otherwise, in different topographic points at different times.3.5.3 Research Method justificationFor this survey will follow a â€Å" Quantitative â€Å" research as it intends to research consumer ‘s position in service of community pharmaceutics in London. Hence, the writer has chosen quantitative research as it the lone method that seeks to happen the reply to research inquiries related to people ‘s attitudes and beliefs, in giving contextual scene by utilizing an unfastened – terminal questionnaire3.6 RESE ARCH STRATEGIESTypically, research scheme picks will be conducted by nonsubjective and research inquiries, clip, cognition, and handiness of resource ( Saunder et al, 2009 ) . There are many research schemes that can be used in research such as Experiment ( which normally use in pure scientific research ) Action research ( normally in field experiment ) Grounded theory ( which help to explicate and foretell behavior by constructing through deductive and inductive ) Case survey ( which try to understand the existent life context and utilize a assorted of informations ) Archival research ( which focus on the past papers and administrative records ) Ethnography ( usually use with a phenomenological methodological analysis to detect of human activity forms ) Survey ( normally use with quantitative methods and big volumes of informations ) . The study scheme normally uses in concern and direction research with deductive attack. The study scheme allows the research worker to roll up quantitative informations. The research worker demand to guarantee that the sample represent the population, design and pilot instrument for roll uping the information will supply a good responds rate. ( Saunder et al, 2009 ) . There are many types of studies such as Personal Interview Surveys, Telephone studies, Mail studies and On-line studies. Figure 3.5 Comparative advantage/disadvantage of mail, telephone, interview and online study Beginning: create by the writer, 2013 adopted signifier www.zeepedia.com3.6.1 Research Strategy justificationThis research survey is influenced by a positivism paradigm, therefore, a study would be used to accomplish the aim of research in quantitative method. The study type that research worker usage is online and manus bringing aggregation.3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHODIs a specific technique usage to roll up informations with related to the research job. It depends on what type of information that needed to analyze in the research. In this research, the writer selects chiefly two methods. Fist informations aggregation method is a questionnaire for roll uping a primary information to construe and analyze determination by doing a critical analysis, mentioning to the theory and pattern. Questionnaire study is less time-consuming and cheaper than interviews, extra it is a popular for roll uping informations ( Collis and Hussey, 2003:174 ) . The 2nd research method is an observation on the medical service diary and client outlook has been done in order to organize the inquiries by looking at type of service, merchandise and criterion of druggist competencies in community pharmaceutics that are offered or need to be fitting demand of The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) . The writer has conducted the study by utilizing self-administered questionnaires which are closed inquiries. Harmonizing to Collis and Hussey ( 2003 ) close inquiry should be used in positive attack. There are assorted ways to roll up data.These include postal studies which can be used to roll up informations when the questionnaire are easy to understand and reply ( Holt,1997 ) .Another drawback of this method is one of the lowest response rates ( Tan,2002 ) .The postal study was non adopted in this research.Personal interview was non used because the limited dependability and repeatability of research survey and this method demand trained skill interviewers. ( Tan,2002 ) .For information aggregation method of this survey manus delivered and online questionnaires conducted at different location in cardinal of London from 25th January 2013 to 9th February 2013. This on-line study was conducted by utilizing the SurveyMonkey which provides package to roll up informations. The questionnaire on-line will direct to the participant through Facebook or Twitter fan page, electronic mailing study and Web link ( SurveyMonkey, 2012 )3.7.1 Questionnaire designThe questionnaires divided into two subdivisions. The subdivision one was designed with comprised statements sing the quality of community services. The 2nd subdivision required the respondents to supply information about their background and demographics for case gender, age, income, cultural beginning, instruction, etc. A transcript of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix ASection 1. Question about Attitude toward quality of community pharmaceutics services.The inquiry will be divided into three constructs objective of the rating on measuring quality which identifies by Donabedian ‘s Theory of Quality wellness attention ; construction, procedure and result. It consisted of 24 inquiries a nd one inquiry ask about How do they normally use their pharmaceutics.The contents of the quality: constructionStaffsA specialized druggist is present at the pharmaceutics Sufficient staffs are availableFacilitiesdegree Celsius ) The waiting countries are comfy and convenience for the services vitamin D ) Consultation room is provided for a private treatment3. Topographic pointsvitamin E ) The pharmaceutics is clean degree Fahrenheit ) The pharmaceutics layout is clear and good organized4. Merchandisesg ) The medical specialties or contraptions are in stock H ) Many picks of wellness merchandise such as a nutritionary addendum, milk pulverization, medical supply, etc. are availableThe contents of quality: ProcedureGeneral servicesa ) Polite and take the clip to listen to what you want B ) Answer any questions you may hold2. Essential servicesdegree Celsiuss ) Provide advice on a current wellness the job or a long- term wellness status vitamin D ) Provide general advice on healthy life styles vitamin E ) Keep patient medicine records efficaciously H ) Provide clear label of medical specialties I ) Dispose of the medical specialties that the patients no longer necessitate3. Complementary wellness servicesdegree Fahrenheit ) Offer services such as blood force per unit area measuring or cholesterin testing, etc. g ) Offer complementary wellness service such as stylostixis, needle exchange strategies, influenza inoculation, etc.The content of quality: ResultClinical resultIncrease benefit of the medicine usage Reduce the hazard of safety of medicine usage Better your understanding about medical specialty Better your quality of lifeCostProvide medical specialties with the sensible monetary valueSatisfactionSupply an efficient service Supply a satisfactory service The questionnaire consisted close-ended inquiries and were constructed utilizing the Likert graduated table. Harmonizing to Collis and Hussey, ( 2003:184 ) the advantage of Likert graduated table is easy for the respondent to finish the statement by bespeaking their degree of sentiment and easy for the research worker to analyze the information or cryptography. The Numberss were imputed to each ground tackle, for a statistical analysis intent. The ground tackles use in Section one were: Strongly agree ( = 5 ) ; Agree ( = 4 ) ; Undecided ( = 3 ) ; Disagree ( =2 ) ; Strongly disagree ( =1 ) .Section 2. Participant itemThe socio- demographic inquiry is about gender, age, cultural beginning, business, education income and how long the participant has been populating in the UK.3.7.2 Survey bundleA screen missive for presenting the aim and the subject of the survey was delivered to each of the questionnaires ( see Appendix B ) . The missive provided an option for the participant to hold a transcript of the survey consequences and voluntary for replying the question.The participants were asked to return the completed questionnaire by research worker collection every bit early as possible.3.7.3 Pilot trialHarmonizing to Offredy and Vickes ( 2010 ) The ground of running pilot trial is that to prove the informations aggregation instruments including method and sampling in order to work out the job before the chief survey was implement.The questionnaire was pre-tested by 5 participants in order to evaluated possible barriers and to guarantee that it is comprehendible and coherent.There are remarks on the questionnaire were that some inquiry were hard to understand, some inquiry were repetitive.The statement of inquiry were reworded to better upon the pre-test questionnaires.Some participants besides suggested to do it shorter and more appealing by rearranging the questionnaire layout.3.7.4 CogencyThe content of questionnaire cogency was checked by in Pharmacy Practice. The cogency was revised before and after carry oning the pilot trial.3.8 Sampling TechniqueThere are two different ways can be used in the sampling techniques ( Saunders et al ; 2009 ) : chance and non-probability Figure 3.6 Sampling techniques. C07NF002 Beginning: Create by Saunder et Al, 20093.8.1 Probability SamplingTypically, usage for survey-based experimental research schemes ( Saunders et al ; 2009 ) . The population in chance sampling can be classified to random sampling, stratified random sampling and bunch sampling.3.8.2 Non- chance samplingThis alternate technique that selects the sample base on research subjective opinion ( Saunders et Al ; 2009 ) . This technique is easier to generated and less cost ( Jackson ; 2012 ) . Rubin and Babbie ( 2001 ) stat that it is normally used in qualitative research.The non-probability sampling can be used in research that follows mix method, quantitative and qualitative research designs.The drawback of non-probability techniques is an unequal opportunity of being included in the sample ( Fox and Bayat ( 2007:59 ) . The most popular non- chance trying such as convenience or handiness sampling, purposive sampling, self-selective sampling, quota sampling and sweet sand verbena sampling.3.8. 3 Justification of sample techniqueThe most appropriate for this research is non-probability techniques and used a convenient sampling of grownup work forces and adult females who live in London.3.9 SAMPLE SIZEThe choice of the sample for this study was based on non-probability sampling, utilizing an inadvertent sampling technique or sometime call convenience trying technique or haphazard sampling. Harmonizing to Saunder et Al ( 2009 ) there are no regulation for all non-probability sampling technique except for quota sample. In peculiar, the sample size is depending on research aim and inquiries what will be suited for the research survey within available resource ( Patton 2002 ) . Creswell ( 2007 ) recommends that, expected interviews which undertaken for general survey is between 25 and 30 interviews. There are many expressions for ciphering the require sample size.According to Anderson et Al. ( 2009 ) determined the expression as Figure 3.7 Figure 3.7 Sample size for an Interval Estimate of Population Proportion expression formula2.jpg Beginning: Created by Andeson et al.,2009Calculation for minimal sample sizeNs = 1.96 2 * ( .5 ) * ( 1-.5 ) 0.1 2 n = 96 In 2011, London population about 8.2 million with approximative 3.2 million people lived interior London and 4.9 million were staying in outer London ( London poorness profile, 2012 ) . Due to restriction of this survey with time-limited, the research worker could non attempt big figure of sample size.The sample size of this survey approximates 100 samples3.10 Data processing of questionnaire studyOnce the informations have been collected and checked, analyzing of the informations will be arranged.They were coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS 17.0 ) . Socio-demographic informations: gender, ages, cultural beginning, instruction, income were selected for independent variables. In order to find the socio- demographic information for this research, descriptive statistic such as frequence and per centum was calculated. Attitudes toward quality of community pharmaceutics were coded strongly agree = 5, agree = 4, undecided = 3, disagree = 2 and strongly differ = 1 ) . Descriptive statistic such as mean, frequence, per centum and criterion variable was calculated. The association between socio-demographic features ( independent variable ) and attitude toward quality of community pharmaceutics services ( dependent variable ) was assessed for statistical significance utilizing the chi-square trial of association harmonizing to the aim of this research.3.11 EthicThe writer should be cognizant about ethical concerns when the the research was undertaken ( Diedericks,2012 & A ; Saunder et al.,2009 ) .The questionnaire were conducted a clear history of intent, utilizing appropriate linguistic communication that is simple to understand by participants. All informations collected will stay anon. and confidential.All paper informations roll uping usage will be destroyed by chopped paper machine. Every participant has right to retreat at any clip while finishing the questionnaires. The participant no demand to make full their names or identifiers were on the questionnaires. All informations are safely stored in a password-protected computing machine.3.12 DecisionThis chapter explains the research methodological analysis which is used in this research.In sum-up, the overall methodological analysis is based on positivism philosophy.It is more subjective instead than nonsubjective and deductive attack in footings of theory testing is implemented.Quantitative method employs the attitude questions.Data sampling and informations collection and analysis method besides reference and presented in the Figure 3.8 Figure 3.8 Represents the research procedure for this research Beginning: Created by the writer, 2013

The Journal of Community Informatics

Introduction The world has seen a lot of natural disasters to last a lifetime. These disasters leave us with ‘spill over’ effects that could last for many years. Our resources are depleted; we lose billions worth of property and assets and, worst of all, we lose countless lives. These can be attributed to the unpreparedness of a country in facing the aftermath of natural disasters. The level of destruction after a natural disaster depends not just on the magnitude of the disaster, but on the quality of infrastructure construction and disaster preparedness in areas where these disasters tend to hit.Anderson Cooper, a reporter during Hurricane Katrina’s wake in the United States says that hunger, dead bodies left on the streets and the damages done on properties show what unpreparedness can do. Lakoff adds that â€Å"we are not prepared† for other disastrous events that might follow, whether tornado or hurricane or flood. It is very imperative for us to know how to prepare and what kind of natural disaster we need to prepare for (06). However, there seems to be poor coordination between the local and central government when it comes to preparing for these disasters.Debates ensued about who does its responsibilities and who does not. Coordination between these two agencies must be established if we are to minimize or be prepared for any incidents (Tufton 05). Gurstein (05) says that transmission of information is very important in being prepared for the disasters. He adds that whatever technological means available should make way for outputs that can be interpreted and used effectively at the local level. Moreover, warning systems and preparedness should be supported even in the local level to allow the communities to â€Å"absorb and adapt such information into ways that could be locally useful.† According to the constructionist critique, organized claims-making activities produce ways of defining and labeling natural hazards an d disasters. This means that social processes that give way to public education about disasters are important to understand the disasters and not just what happens or could happen. For instance, one analysis of the earthquake problem shows how views on the severity of the earthquake threat and strategies for managing seismic risk were a result of a small group of earthquake establishment.Moreover, the institutional interests of scientific disciplines which focus on the study of earthquakes channel the social construction of the earthquake problem. The constructionist perspective focuses on the importance of finding out the social activities that interest groups and stakeholders engage with while also focusing on disaster-related problems and looking for the response they want from governments and institutions. Moreover, the constructionist view says that the properties of disasters are not inherent in the phenomenon but are the product of social definition.Following the disasters wh ich struck Japan, other events that have to do with failures of technology and of technological control systems have impacted Japan so much. But in the case of disaster research tradition, disasters do not result from the failure of systems to adapt to environmental extremes. Earthquakes in Japan Natural disasters are events which lead to unfavorable outcomes. These include earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruption, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes and many more. Earthquakes are tremors, or movements, of the earth’s surface caused by the release of stress along fault lines.This release of stress produces movement in masses of rocks which eventually leads to shock waves. The Richter scale was developed to measure the magnitude of seismic waves. But even if there were researches and equipment designed for the earthquake, still it is impossible to predict an earthquake. It is inevitable that more earthquakes will visit Japan again and again. Japan has experienced natural dis asters more than any other country did, earthquakes being the most common because of the country’s geographical position. It is situated in a zone where one plate is being forced beneath another plate.Moreover, it is the meeting point of two pieces of the giant Pacific plate, which move in different directions alongside each other. These causes earthquakes to visit Japan very often. Most of these are very minor, although there are strong earthquakes from time to time. It is the strong earthquakes that the experts and public officials were concerned about. Japan became one of the leading countries in developing technologies to predict the occurrence of earthquakes. Satellite remote sensing technologies can now monitor the environment and provide basis for disaster warning.More advances in the performance of the networking technologies have made it possible to open new opportunities for the utilization of data gathered. However, prediction and forecasts of earthquakes are still not very accurate. Other seasonal and frequent disasters, on the other hand, can be forecasted and predicted more easily. But the most important thing is that planning should be done to mitigate the effects of these disasters. Perhaps one of the worst earthquakes to hit Japan happened during September of 1923, in Tokyo and Yokohama.The earthquake damaged hundred thousand homes and buildings, and the fires that followed had more damage done. More than one hundred and forty thousand people perished during this quake. The heat of the fires also caused tornado-like winds. Other people died because the fires sucked all the oxygen in the area. The more recent earthquake to be recorded was on January 17, 1995 in Kobe, Japan. The earthquakes began in the densely populated areas in the wee hours of the morning. The Kobe earthquake, measured 7. 2 shindo, destroyed newly built and old establishments, dikes, ports, killed people and created ravaging fires that were out of control.Japan’ s Preparedness and Monitoring Being prepared for any disaster does not stop after a disaster passed by. It is a continuous process. It requires people to make efforts. The public and its government must be well prepared, especially when it comes to coping with these events. The need to minimize, if not to totally eliminate disasters and the possible after effects, spearheaded the many researches and studies which eventually led to the invention and development of a wide array of systems and technological tools available today. This further improved the preparedness system of Japan.With the use of hi-tech equipment, Japan made sure to erect structures that are disaster resistant. Moreover, buildings and homes can be reinforced inexpensively to the individual, company, or state to withstand the effects of earthquakes or other disasters. Communication also became important in all aspects of being prepared. Thankfully, the Internet facilitated enhanced communication and exchange of info rmation. Communication between governments and agencies became easier and faster. Japan believes that it is one key factor in the success of their preparedness system.Many conferences were held which discussed various topics that concern technological systems and advancements for forecasting natural disasters. Japan has funded many researches and projects when it comes to prevention of disasters. There has been an education for natural disaster preparedness in Natural Asia-Pacific, which focuses on gathering, developing and disseminating information. The Japanese country has improved its preparedness system by continuously researching and studying technologies to monitor the possible occurrence of natural disasters.Several technologies have been adapted to monitor any anomalous conditions. The use of Internet and satellite data for monitoring and forecasting natural hazards became the foundation for many Japanese agencies to avoid any unfavorable outcomes. Japan’s preparednes s system consists of conducting projects and initiatives to monitor and prepare for earthquakes. The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) developed the i-Space Project for disaster management. The project uses space technology for monitoring disaster and information networking.It targets natural disasters, particularly large-scale earthquakes in Tokai. It develops experiment system and conducts pilot experiments using Jet-plane and handy cameras. These technological advancements proved to be helpful in doing what they were designed for. Benson and Clay say that â€Å"natural hazards warrant more serious consideration in the formulation of national economic policies and strategies† (04). Planning and assessment must be done to reduce any risk. Right at this moment, thousands of separate technological tools are being used around the world.These tools are not designed to talk to each other. But if they are linked as a system of bigger systems, the benefits will be far from what we can dare to hope. Due to the fact that people around the world will benefit, there is a need for an urgent development of a comprehensive global system. This will enable countries to save billions of dollars. The aftermath of what happened in Kobe in 1995 tells the Japanese to always be prepared for what might happen. They know it is going to happen, but not when or where (Petersen 07). This is where the technological tools will be helpful.The use of satellite in monitoring plays an important role in revealing geological structures such as active faults, which points to the movements of different areas of the Earth surface. Certain technological developments have also helped vulcanologists to be skillful at predicting when a certain volcano will erupt, and this also leads to prediction of an earthquake that might follow. Satellite images would reveal any active faults that might be connected to earthquake centers. There are also several methods of direct involving o f fault parameters in seismic zoning.GIS and data bases are also important when using satellite data for monitoring natural hazards. Last year, Japan launched one of the world’s largest natural disaster-monitoring satellites. As early as September 2005, the rocket launch was ready, but technical problems and bad weather prevented the Japanese from launching it into space. The satellite was named Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), one of the many satellites that Japan plans to launch. ALOS can capture images from areas where natural disasters hit.Moreover, it will be useful in drafting maps and surveying the natural resources. The Japanese government plans to share whatever information with other Asian, European and Indian agencies. As a leading country in inventing technologies, Japan’s launching of the ALOS was very important in the space programme. However, the present situation shows that it is not possible or difficult to grasp situations when it comes to la rge-scale earthquakes and to coordinate overall management, to use public communications and to access disaster information.The Japanese people realize the importance of education and preparedness as significant factors in reducing the vulnerability of a country to these disasters. This led to education programs about disaster awareness and was suggested to be taught in all schools and workplaces. There were also programs such as disaster awareness, preparedness and education spearheaded by governmental and non-governmental organizations. These programs were first promoted at the grassroots level for effectiveness. Scientists in Japan also work side by side the groups and individuals in the country, assisting in the programs.Disastrous events such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions create damages to our lives. Although no amount of preparation can stop these events from happening, their effects can be minimized by knowing when and where the y will strike and knowing the best response to the victims. Improvement in predicting these disasters minimizes the substantial loss and damage to life and properties and helps the government to be fully equipped in emergency responses.Thankfully, some countries have contributed to technological advancements that became useful in being prepared, especially Japan where most of earthquake activities take place. Satellites became significant in observing weather forecasting and any changes that might signal any upcoming disaster. The computer boom also made it possible for experts to be accurate in predicting formation of natural disasters. Information has been disseminated and helped the countries tremendously.These technologies for preparedness and monitoring in Japan have revolutionized the way people respond to the many natural disasters the earth experiences, particularly earthquakes. For this reason, the people can now breathe much better because they know that they can be warned before a disaster strike and the technologies available can provide them information on how to be prepared and to respond to the crisis. WORKS CITED Gurstein, Michael. â€Å"Tsunami Warning Systems and the Last Mile Towards Community Based and ICT Enabled Disaster Response Systems.† The Journal of Community Informatics I. 2 (2005): 14-17. Lakoff, Andrew. †From Disaster to Catastrophe: The Limits of Preparedness. † 11 Jun 2006. Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific 2000 Japan. â€Å"Natural Disasters. † 31 August-5 September 2000. Putnam, Laurie. â€Å"By Choice or by Chance: How the Internet is Used to Prepare for, Manage and Share Information about Emergencies. † First Monday 7. 11 (2002) Tufton, Chris. â€Å"Courting Disasters. † Jamaica Cleaner 23 Oct. 2005.

Amino Acid Phenylalanine Applications

Amino Acid Phenylalanine Applications Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid with the chemical formula C9H11NO2. This essential amino acid is one of 20 building blocks of proteins in humans. Due to its benzyl group, phenylalanine is hydrophobic. Since its discovery in 1879, phenylalanine has been studied for its antidepressant and analgesic effects. The synthesis of phenylalanine is complex and does not occur in mammals. The metabolism of phenylalanine produces various hormones and neurotransmitters. Genetic mutations can result in several disorders relating to the metabolism of phenylalanine. This report will identify the biological importance of the amino acid phenylalanine by examining its history, uses, metabolic pathways and disorders, and biological synthesis. Discovery and History Schulze and Barbieri discovered phenylalanine in plant sprouts in 1879. The researchers extracted phenylalanine copper salts from Lupinus Zuteus seedlings, which were refined to isolate phenylalanine (â€Å"L-Phenylalanine ,† n.d.). Before 1940, research on phenylalanine did not describe its biological metabolism during the formation of tyrosine. Womack and Rose showed the essentiality and dependence on phenylalanine in the diet of rats. Dietary intake of tyrosine in the rats was deemed nonessential. Evidence from the trials proved that phenylalanine is the precursor of tyrosine, but phenylalanine cannot be synthesized from tyrosine (Matthews, 2007). The discovery of the codon of phenylalanine was a significant breakthrough in determining the relationship between messenger ribonucleic acid and protein production. In 1961, Matthaei and Nirenberg repeatedly inserted uracil nucleotides into E. coli bacteria, producing long phenylalanine peptide chains. The researchers deduced that the codons for phenylalanine include UUU and UUC (â€Å"Phenylalanine,† 2009). In the 1960s, a more efficient method of phenylalanine production resulted in the large-scale fermentation of phenylalanine. This metho d was incorporated into the nutritional supplement and drug industries (â€Å"L-Phenylalanine,† n.d.). Phenylalanine supplements are currently used to treat depression, chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, and vitiligo (â€Å"Supplements with Similar,† n.d.). Since 1981, aspartame has been used as a food additive in Canada. Aspartame degrades through metabolism and digestion to form phenylalanine. Phenylalanine has recently been under intense scrutiny due to its elevated levels in aspartame, and the occurrence of phenylketonuria (â€Å"Aspartame,† 2005). Importance and Uses Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid in the diet of humans. Mammals cannot form benzene rings, therefore limiting the biosynthesis of phenylalanine in humans (Kretchmer & Etzwiler, 1958). Phenylalanine is important in amino acid metabolism and the synthesis of structural proteins in tissue. The concentrations of phenylalanine control the amounts of other electrically neutral amino ac ids in the brain (Humphries, Pretorius, & Naude, 2007). Phenylalanine is an essential building block for many hormones and neurotransmitters. Phenylalanine is converted into DOPA, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylethylamine, and phenylacetate (Humphries et al., 2007). Depression can be treated with phenylalanine medication. Treatment of oral and intravenous application of deprenyl plus phenylalanine has significant antidepressant action (Birkmayer, Linauer, Riederer, & Knoll, 1984). While many natural health and nutritional companies claim D-phenylalanine is effective in chronic pain reduction, clinical studies have determined no significant analgesic results (Walsh, Ramamurthy, Schoenfeld, & Hoffman, 1986). L-DOPA, a molecule composed of a phenylalanine base, has been used as a symptom repressor in Parkinson’s disease for over fifty years. In 1967, Cortzias showed in his report on Parkinson’s disease, that L-DOPA has a noteworthy rehabilitative quality in reducing rigidity and akinesia (McDowell & Lee, 1970). The major problem of Parkinson’s disease is lowered levels of dopamine in the brain due to trauma or dysfunction of dopaminergic cells. Administered L-DOPA is able to cross the blood-brain barrier for conversion into dopamine, thus increasing dopamine levels (â€Å"Oxidation of L-dopa,† 2002). Current research suggests that phenylalanine administration along with ultraviolet radiation aids in vitiligo patients. The phenylalanine absorbs the radiation resulting in slight pigmentation changes in the skin (â€Å"Supplements with Similar,† n.d.).

Introduction to Human Resource Department Term Paper

Introduction to Human Resource Department - Term Paper Example The term paper "Introduction to Human Resource Department" primarily highlights the unionization issues of Chevron Corporation. It will shed light on the strategy adopted by the company in order to cope up with the issue of unionization and offer some suggestions to the company by which it can effectively curb the unionization. Historically the concept of unionization was well acknowledged by several eminent scholars around the globe. However, only a few marked it as an illegal practice. The concept of unionization within the organization was developed in the early 18th century. However, with the passage of time, the system became prominent in different parts of the world. Unionization is a process of forming groups among the workers of an organization. A union is therefore defined as a group of employees who strive to improve the working condition of the employees. Such groups are generally made up of professionals, trainees, students and unemployed persons. Union relies on the fact that joint efforts are better than individual efforts and also helps in achieving the goals more flexible. The principal aims of unions are generally demands for higher pay packages, more leaves, increase the number of employees for a particular job, to improve the condition of working, demand for additional facilities, rules and regulations pertaining to hiring and firing, promotion of workers, procedures for lodging complaints, safety within the workplace and about the different policies of the organization.

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - Assignment Example This is the stance of management ever since. Any marketing plan should begin with consumer and satisfying its wants because that is the only justification for the existence of a store, the Electro store for that matter. Electro Store should be able to understand the consumer’s needs, wants, desires, preferences, beliefs and other odd behaviors in order to win the customer. It is therefore the responsibility of Electro store to learn as much as possible these factors of potential customers. There are sociological factors that influence household purchasing decisions; these are cohesion, adaptability and communication. Cohesion is defined as the emotional bonding between family members. It measures how close to each other feel on an emotional level. It reflects a sense of connectedness to or separateness to other family members. Buying decisions are greatly influenced by the member of the family. There is no question that the bulk of household purchases are made by women, but major decisions like buying a car, appliances, or real property are jointly done by the husband and wife, and sometimes with consultation with children. A joint decision only shows cohesiveness of the family. Therefore when the buying decision is done the family as a group – the role of the marketers is to target the family through their marketing campaigns. Adaptability is described as the ability of the family to change its power, role, relationships, and relationship rules in response to situational and developmental stress. The degree of adaptability shows how well a family can meet the challenges presented by the situation. These challenges can come from reference groups that have the potentials of influencing behavior. Reference groups are groups of individuals that one interacts often. Examples are friends, family relatives, and co-workers. They have the potentials of influencing behavior. For example, if the product is visible like car, shoes or

What is freedom of speech and why, if it all, is it a good thing Essay

What is freedom of speech and why, if it all, is it a good thing - Essay Example Freedom of speech is a right that is cherished all over the world. However it is quite limited or nonexistent in some countries or regions and this has resulted to constant struggle to expand or attain it. Currently, Middle East and Northern African countries like Bahrain and Libya respectively, are undergoing revolutions that aim at liberalising people from decades, if not centuries, of infringement of human rights one of them being freedom of speech. Although these current cases have received huge media, political and humanitarian attention, struggles of this nature happened in the western countries for people to enjoy the freedom currently enjoyed here. Freedom of speech is heavily attributed to the European enlightenment which revolved around numerous historical, socio-political and intellectual transformations. This enlightenment resulted to every person being regarded as a rational being who is in a position to make sensible decisions at will. The state has the obligation of cr eating conditions that facilitate the enjoyment of such liberties within the confines of set laws in consideration of general state of peace. This paper looks into what constitutes freedom of speech and why, if at all, it is a good thing. An individual’s right to freely present their views if discontented with the status quo and when they wish to see changes happening is referred to as freedom of speech (Feinberg 1994). Freedom of speech is increasingly becoming a benchmark of creativity and advancement of societies and countries at large. It is difficult for people to express their creativity and bring forth innovation where freedom of speech is hugely curtailed. The basic reason behind this is that a society deficient of freedom of speech limits people’s willingness to offer their views and explore choices to situations facing them. Speech in this understanding basically translates to the message that one is transmitting or intending to convey. In the last four decad es freedom of speech has gained correlation with freedom of press with increased roles of the media. Looking into the US laws for example, The Congress is disallowed from making legislation that hinders ‘†¦ the freedom of speech, or of the press’ (Feinberg 1994). Based on the definition offered above, freedom of speech threatens governments’ actions hugely making it a highly likely target for curtailment. A good scenario lies in the events occurring in the Arab World where citizens of countries are holding persistent demonstrations demanding for resignations of their presidents/leaders and cabinets while seizing government property like oil fields in Libya. This shows that speech needs to be protected at all cost in order to ensure societal transformation and coherence with the changing times. There has been wide debate as to whether some forms of speech need to be prohibited. This debate for years has led to development of various principles that assist in elaborating the above statement. The Harm Principal is one which originated from enlightenment thinkers. They argued that a person has the right to express their opinion or convey a message as long as in doing so no one is harmed. This principal came about as a result of British-American constitutionalism and it is well portrayed in the United States constitution where, as briefly stated earlier, Congress is to make no law that is based on respect of religious establishments or that which abridges freedom of speech or press (Warburton 2001). The French Revolution also brought with it a law that states that a person shall not be discriminated against based on their opinions and religion as long as these are in line with public order and the existing laws. A notable thinker, John Stuart Mill stated that freedom is important towards realisation of truth and that suppressing opinions is tantamount to infallibility (Schauer 1982). He also stressed that even if an opinion seems untrue it may still hold some degree of truth therefore its suppression will hold the little truth in it. However,

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Federal Reserve - Essay Example The effectiveness of the role of the Federal Reserve System lies in the monetary policies of the bank. The responsibility of designing appropriate monetary policies is bestowed on the Federal Reserve System by the Federal Reserve Act in order to ensure availability of money and liquidity in the economy and to arrange for provision of affordable cost of credit in order to fulfil the national economic goals. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve System are aimed at sustaining the level of productivity and create a balance between the supply and demand. The responsibility of the Federal Reserve System also encompasses controlling of inflation rates by fixation of appropriate interest rates in the financial system. The basis of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve System lies in the inter bank lending policy (Mankiw, 2011). During the phase of revival from the period of recession in the current economy, the Federal Reserve System modified its monetary policies in order to boost consumption demand in the economy by undertaking policies to inject sufficient flow of funds. The interbank rates depend on the Federal fund rate which is determined by the Federal Reserve System. ... The discount rate is determined by the Federal Reserve System looking at the demand of the economy and providing credits to the banks in required rates to fulfil the demand of liquidity in the economy. The reserve fund requirements are the deposit base held by the banks as a statutory requirement with the Federal Reserve System. The decrease in the reserve requirement as determined by the Federal Reserve policy would help to inject more liquid funds into the economy. The current economic conditions which showed a financial crisis led to the need of increased direct lending by the banks and financial institutions (Allen, 1999). The Federal Reserve System played an important role in determining appropriate inter bank rate to encourage increase in lending for the business. This has been done through increase in open market operations by the Federal Reserve System that has led to the increase in the flow of liquidity ion the economy. A higher level of production in the current economic c onditions has created the stage for revival of the economy. This in turn has led to the rise in income levels of the people thereby boosting the spending in the economy. As the banking system was severely hit during the current economic recession, the Federal Reserve System adopted measure to increase the credit to organisations other than banks. The central bank engaged in liquidity swaps with the other central banks of other countries. The usage of derivative products raised giving hope to the recovery of economic conditions. Thus the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System have been highly significant in establishing a position of stability for the current economy. It is through the policies of the Federal Reserve

Human Resource Management of Sonoco Company Assignment

Human Resource Management of Sonoco Company - Assignment Example The paper tells that in around 1990, there was the problem of globalization which resulted to growth and competitive challenges. This globalization made heavy manufacturing to move from United States to countries where there was cheap labor. By that time, countries like China and India had cheap labor. Consolidation was another major problem. This was brought about by United States overcapacities which lead to increase of the market share of packaging companies from 40 % to 60 %. Consolidation also led to segmentation of domestic consumer markets which in turn led to products being tailored to the preferences of distinct groups of consumers. The beverages and food industries were highly affected by this. In addition, more attention was being given to packaging’s role in branding. To some extent, this led to standardization of seven to eight versions of products instead of one or two. As a matter of fact, in traditional retail, advertising was less influential as compared to pa ckaging. Packaging was considered to retain and woo more customers when compared to advertisement. A strategy was to be set in order to give the packaging companies the responsibilities of equipping themselves to changes in dime. This would ensure the packaging companies to compete towards use of new or emerging technologies and application of innovative tools as well as ability to speed development. This made many of the packaging companies to use sophisticated equipments in investment in order to handle abrupt changes in product design. By that time, many manufacturing companies started using one- stop- shop concept in order to consolidate their stables of suppliers. This led to a great improvement. Some companies like Hershey had spent many years on hundreds of packaging suppliers but after the concept, 80 % of their packaging needs were met by only 20 suppliers. This helped the company in the human resource management because of shortened production and delivery cycle (Case stud y task two). Impact of changes to Sonoco’s strategy These changes will help Sonoco follow sophisticated and coordinated marketing strategies. The approach will ensure a single point of contact within the firm to coordinate all the business needs of large customers. These will also result to satisfaction of the public and large customers e.g. Procter & Gamble, and Nestle. Sonoco has a great problem in supply management. Through the changes, they will manage to reduce the numbers of the suppliers and hence good management of human resource management in the company. If they adopt one- stop- shop concept, they will be able to consolidate their stables to suppliers. In addition, the company will compete with other companies in speeding development through the use of new or emerging technologies and application of innovative tools. Just like other company, Sonoco will be able to use sophisticated equipments in investment and hence handle abrupt changes in product design. Sonoco Co mpany will also increase its market share and hence a good chance of increasing its production. This will mark a good start for expansion making the company come up with strategies of improving the human resource management due to increased employees. Addition of employees calls for removal of manipulations in terms of performance ratings.

Human Resources in the Legal Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resources in the Legal Context - Essay Example According to the report  much of the underutilization of older workers both those currently working and those wanting to work is the result of rigid corporate and government policies and practices.   Many assumptions about the elderly have been transferred to workers in their 50s and early 60s. The result of this transference is that retirement age is typically viewed as a cutoff point for one’s working capabilities.This discussion highlights that  the Avolio Experiment revealed the damaging effects of stereotypical assumptions about age. In his study, Avolio asked young professionals to listen to audio recordings of simulated interviews. Avolio told his subjects that the candidates had similar work experience and equivalent on-the-job performance. The same actors voiced the young and the older candidates on the tapes. When it was time to evaluate the candidates, the listeners tended to regard the older workers as non-valuable contributors and to judge the younger ones a s adequate performers.  Older employees are often refused training opportunities, despite working in organizational cultures that value those who maintain and improve their skills.   Some human resource managers believe that older workers are less flexible, are unwilling to learn or change their ways, and have work styles that conflict with the work styles of younger workers. These unjustified assumptions often lead to rationalizations based entirely on the bottom-line.

LCA REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

LCA REPORT - Essay Example (UNEP 2001-2003). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle. The assessment provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision support. In this paper we will use the life cycle of a kettle as our reference. The study of a kettle has used a flexible life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost model. The model has been used to assess and compare the environmental impacts and associated economic costs. Based on the standards made by the International Standards Organization, the LCA consists of four phases: The goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. The phases of LCA is an interactive process, in which subsequent interactions can achieve increasing levels of detail or lead to changes in the first phase prompted by the results of the last phase. The life cycle assessment has proven to be a valuable tool to document and analyze environmental considerations of product and service systems that need to be part of decision making toward sustainability. Goal and Scope definition: the product or services to be assessed are defined a functional basis for comparison is chosen and the required level of detail is defined. The steps in identifying the goal and scope includes the defining of the purpose of the LCA study, ending with the definition of the functional unit, which is the quantitative reference for the study. Defining the scope of the study includes the drawing up of a flowchart of the unit processes that constitute the product system under study, taking into account a first estimation of their inputs from and outputs to the environment ( the elementary flows or burdens to the environment). Defining the data required, which includes a specification of the data required both for the inventory analysis and for the subsequent impact assessment phase. The Inventory analysis - the energy carriers and raw materials used, the emissions to atmosphere, water and soil, and different types of land use are quantified for each process, then combined in the process flow chart and related to the functional basis. In this phase the following steps must be taken: Data collection which includes the specification of all input and output flows of the processes of the product system, both product flows (i.e flows to other unit processes) and elementary flows (from and to the environment). Normalization to the functional unit, which means that all data collected are quantitatively related to one quantitative output of the product system under study, most typically 1 kg of the material is chosen, but often other units like car or 1 km of mobility are preferred. Allocation which means the distribution of the emissions and resource extractions of a given process over the different functions such a process. Data evaluation, which involves a quality assessment of the data by performing sensitivity analyses. The result of the Inventory Analysis, consisting of the elementary flows related to the functional unit, is called the Life Cycle Inventory Table. Impact assessment, in this phase the effects of the resource use and emissions generated are group and quantified into a limited number of impact categories which there maybe weighted for importance. This aim to make

Should abortions be legal Essay Example for Free

Should abortions be legal Essay Abortion should be legal, because there are too many things that go wrong. A women could be raped and need to get one because she doesn’t want to look at the child and doesn’t want to feel it grow, freedom of choosing what to do and how government involvement in personal decisions such as this could lead to potentially having the government deem how many children you can have or even how many pregnancies you are allowed, medical reasons for abortion, and the ability of a woman to have control of her body is critical to civil rights. There is a freedom of choosing what to do, and how government involvement in personal decisions such as this could lead to potentially having the government deem how many children you can have or even how many pregnancies you are allowed. The numbers of the abortions in China in 1979 spiked to very high numbers. â€Å"According to a government tally, 9. 2 million abortions were performed in 2008, up from 7. 6 million in 2007. But the count only includes hospitals, and state media report the total could be as high as 13 million. If accurate, that would give China among the highest abortion rates in the world. (4) All of these abortions are because of the government taking control and saying that females could only have one child. If something like that happens here in America numbers would spike from the â€Å"2009-2011 estimates of 1,212,400 annually†(5) to around the same as China. â€Å"Medical conditions can arise during pregnancy that may pose a danger to the mothers life. Some of these conditions may result from the pregnancy itself, while others may be medical problems that require immediate treatment that cannot be done while pregnant. For example, if aggressive cancer is discovered during pregnancy, it may be necessary to treat the cancer immediately, posing a danger to the fetus. Some women may opt for abortion in order to receive treatment that could save the womans life. Continuing the pregnancy in some of these instances could result in death, stroke or infertility for the mothers. This is common in cases in which the fetus has already died in-utero. † (3) There are times in a pregnancy when doctors know that a miscarriage is going to happen, this normally happens in the first 16 weeks. They then tell the mother that there is no fetal heartbeat on the monitor or the level of HCG decreases in the blood because the baby is not alive. When some of the women find out they decide to have an abortion because it is less stress and it has less health risk. If the woman has to carry until the miscarriage happens the health risk are very high. The women could hemorrhage, or even greater problems like infertility. When a rape or family pregnancy happens it is a true crime. Making a woman carry the child full term would cause more harm to the woman. There are women out there that are too afraid to go to the police or to a hospital about a rape. Some choose to wait a few weeks after finding out and go in saying they just don’t the child. Some women don’t find out about the pregnancy until it is too late and have to choose abort after 13 weeks or carry to full term. †Only one percent of abortions happen from rape victims. (2) â€Å" â€Å"Control over her body and the freedom to decide the course of her life is critical to a womans civil rights. When a woman is pregnant it is her body that goes through all the stress of pregnancy. If she decides not to have a pregnancy she should be able to do so. Denying her the right to her body is violating her most basic freedom. One of the most pertinent questions regarding abortion is when does life begin. A fetus may be alive but so are sperms and eggs. It is true that life in every form should be respected. However, should the right of a fetus be greater than that of a woman who in majority of the cases would bear the responsibility of the unplanned child? One of the important abortion facts is that most of the abortions take place in the first trimester when the fetus cannot live independent of the mother. It depends on the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord for nutrition and health and hence should not be considered a separate entity. †(1) In conclusion abortion should be legal in order to help the people who need it. Yes with the good there comes bad. Some people are always going to use the abortion like a morning after pill; there is nothing we can do about it. If it was to be made illegal than what about the women who are going to die giving birth to an already passed child because she was made to carry to term from this? What about that one percent of women that are actually not scared to say something about the rape and get an abortion? Should we deny them their rights? Should abortions be illegal? Abortions should be illegal because abortion should not be used as another form of contraception, those who choose abortions are often minors or young women with insufficient life experience to understand fully what they are doing many have lifelong regrets afterwards, and adoption is a viable alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result. With 1. million American families wanting to adopt a child, there is no such thing as an unwanted child. (1-1) In the U. S. A. 2 out of 100 women who get pregnant have an abortion which is more than 40 percent. It is like abortions are being used as if they were getting your teeth cleaned 2 times a year. Abortions should not be just a get out of jail free card. When you decide to lay down in the bed with your partner you should be ready for what comes next. Within the first 8 weeks of pregnancy more than 85 percent of the abortions in the U.  S happen. Women should not be a loud to just kill a child like that its old trash. â€Å"Of teenage women who become pregnant, about 35% choose to have an abortion rather than bear a child. One or both parents of 61% of minors know about their daughters abortions. The younger the teen, the higher the likelihood that she has told her mother about the situation. Many states have enacted, or are considering, laws that restrict teenagers access to abortion by requiring parental involvement in the abortion decision. Such laws include: Parental notification laws that require medical personnel to notify a minors parent(s) of her intention to obtain an abortion; Parental consent laws that require medical personnel to obtain written permission from the parent(s) before providing an abortion; Almost all of the parental notification and consent laws have judicial bypass options that allow a teen who feels she cannot involve her parent(s) to get a judges permission to proceed with her abortion. Some states allow a physician to waive parental involvement, and some allow professional counseling instead of parental involvement. â€Å"(1-2) More than 46 states do this so we can stop the use of abortion by kids so their parents will not know. Low-income women (as an example, those earning $17,170 or less in a three-person household) accounted for 514,040 abortions, or 42% of all abortions, in 2008. Is this just because they feel like they can’t afford it? There are so many families that are unable to have children and just to be blessed with one or two of the children that are killed every day would be so great for that family. â€Å"About 30 percent of Americans have considered adopting (Harris, 2007), but as of 2002, only 2. 0 percent have done so (Jones, 2009). Somewhere between those percentages lies the number of people seeking to adopt—that is, those who have taken concrete steps to adopt a child. (1-3) Even though there is over 115,00o children in the public child care waiting to be adopted, most people looking to adopt are looking for younger than 3 kids with† characteristics that are less common in children in the foster care system than other traits. But while high percentages of women would accept a child with other characteristics, they expressed concern about adopting children with health or behavioral problems. †(1-3) So there are more than plenty of people wanting to adopt younger children so abortio n should be made illegal.

Children and young peoples work force Essay Example for Free

Children and young peoples work force Essay Understand what is required for competence in own work role. 1.1 describe the duties and responsibilities of own work.W  hats in the contract  hours Lines of reporting  specific roles and responsibilities (behavioural support, supporting children and young people with special educational needs, supporting be;inhgual children and young people0  compliance with policies and procedures of the setting (behaviour, children and young people protection, health and safety, keeping up to date with changing procedures, keeping up to date with changes to practice). 1.2 explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards.  standards relevant to own work role, eg national occupational standards for childrena care, learning and development ( NOS CCLD),  national occupational standars for learning, development aqnd support services ( NOS LDSS)  -in relation to own duties and responsibilities eg role to expectations to meet standards eg CCLD 202 help to keep children safe, see more:explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards CCLD 303 promote childrens development LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice  course apprenticehsip notes  coursework starter  hayley  rough notes  guidelines  to use for when get stuck  in starter pack LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice

Technology and Modernity in Saudi Arabia

Technology and Modernity in Saudi Arabia In the modern age, where a country must keep up to date on science and technology if it is to have a hope of keeping up with the western world, Saudi Arabia is unlike many other Islamic countries. In the past 20 years alone, its leaders have undertaken an immense project of updating, or establishing programs that would enable Saudi Arabia to compete globally in the 19th and 20th century and make Saudi Arabia a country known for technological and scientific innovation. While Saudi Arabia still lacks behind countries such as the United States and other European countries in science and technology, they have made enormous steps forward in rectifying this through the establishment of governmental programs and expansion of infrastructure in areas such as information technology, telecommunications and environmental sustainability. Until as recently as the mid 1990s internet usage within Saudi Arabia was limited to large businesses, the government and academic or commercial areas and for the most part was not available to the average citizen. In mid 1997 Saudi Arabia announced that internet would be available locally but with many restrictions imposed upon it. These restrictions come in the form of blocked websites of all kinds in and effort by the Saudi government to restrict the flow of information that it sees unfit for the public to view. With the permission of the Saudi government Johnathan Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman of Harvard University tested the internet access capabilities, to identify possible holes in the proxy servers used by the government to filter incoming material from outside countries. Of the 64,000 websites tested, most of the blacklisted websites were either sexually explicit or about religion, but also sites that included topics such as women, health, drugs and pop culture. During much of the past 20 years Saudi Arabia has also been increasing the size of their telecommunications infrastructure. The project began when a $4.2 billion contract was awarded to ATT in which areas such as the telephone network, satellite and coaxel cables network and cellular and wireless systems were dramatically increased to give a larger network range within the country. The Kingdoms coaxial cables have increased to 6,000 satellite circuits and more than 3,100 miles of coaxial cables, with more than 9,800 lines linking 152 cities and villages to countries around the world. Saudi Arabia has two cellular systems in place, one is an analog system which was introduced in the early 1980s which currently has 30,000 lines. The second cellular system is a GSM 900 network, which was operational by 1996 and currently serves upward of 170,000 subscribers within the kingdom. Saudi Arabia being a country largely covered in desert has constant concerns about its water supply, water that is needed for agriculture, the oil industry and private use. Saudi Arabia, unlike many other countries relies heavily on water desalination and fossil water as a means to satisfying their thirst. Desalination refers to the process of removing excess salt and other minerals from water to make it usable by people. The Shoaiba desalination plant on the coast of the Red Sea is responsible for providing 50% of all municipal water to the kingdom. Shoaiba utilizes a multi stage flash distillation process that is capable of desalinating 150 million cubic meters of saline water each year. In order to keep scientific and technological progression in Saudi Arabia to its max, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology was opened in Thuwal in 2009. The university is an international graduate research institute with an emphasis on science and technology. KAUST as it is called offers degrees in relevant fields such as computer science, engineering sciences, environmental sciences and management and materials sciences. The research focus of the institution revolves around science and technology, specifically human needs within the two, and also social advancement and economic development. Notable social advancements include KAUST being the first mixed sex university in Saudi Arabia where women do not have to wear a hijab. Work Cited Desalination. Wikipedia.com. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. . Shoaiba Desalination Plant, Saudi Arabia. Water-technology.net. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Shoaiba power and desalination plant. Wikipedia.com. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Behery, Faisal Ahmad. Information Technology in the Kingdon of Saudi Arabia . American University Main Page. N.p., 18 Dec. 1998. Web. 29 Oct. 2009.. Behery, Faisal Ahmad. Internet Activity . American University Home Page. N.p., 16 Dec. 1998. Web. 2 Nov. 2009.. Internal filtering in Saudi Arabia, 2004. OpenNet Initiative . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2009.. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology . wikipedia.com. N.p., 2 Nov. 2009. Web. 1 Nov.2009. . Recycling . Wikipedia.com. N.p., 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Oct. 2009. Reverse Osmosis . Wikipedia.com. N.p., 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Oct. 2009. .

Better Gang Prevention :: Gang Essays

Better Gang Prevention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gang Prevention and Deterrence Act was presented by Sen. Orrin Hatch and Diane Feinstein in the winter of 2003. The Act stated an increase in funding for the federal prosecutors and FBI agents needed to conduct coordinated enforcement efforts against violent gangs. There are much better alternatives than trying to pass a law that most people will never even hear about, or increasing funding for prosecutors and FBI agents. Creating new gang-prosecution offences will not prevent teens from getting into gangs. Jeralyn Merritt, a criminal defense attorney in Denver, Co. also suggested sports and mentoring programs. We should not just focus on the children and forget about the adults, help those adults that are already gang involved by actually employing them, but under certain guidelines. If there were more options out there, people would be to mentally and physically busy to even consider joining a gang. Gang Prevention and Effective Deterrence Act would not do a ny good to assist in the fight against gangs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing funding to various federal organizations is not the way to prevent teens from joining street gangs. If kids have no extracurricular activities, they end up roaming the streets with nothing to do. They eventually start hanging around the wrong types of crowds, eventually ending up using drugs or joining a gang, for protection or just to belong. They are taught that going to jail is not a big deal and most of them already have relatives who are incarcerated anyway, so what’s to fear. The largest street gangs like the Almighty Latin Kings Nation and the Imperial Gangster Disciples have already formed branches in every major prison across the United States. So the government thinks these criminals are suffering behind bars, just think of these prisons as a big get-to-gather. So let’s try and catch the problem before it happens. Instead of just punishing these kids for choosing the wrong path, let’s help guide them down the right road.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Give the kids and teens after-school programs such as sports and mentoring programs. The government should not waste money funding useless laws, instead it should build more boys and girls clubs in the neighborhoods where gangs are likely appearing to organize. Most people who join a gang are just looking for a sense of belonging. These programs will show them they are smart and talented. It is that sense of belonging when they’re in an after-school group. Better Gang Prevention :: Gang Essays Better Gang Prevention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gang Prevention and Deterrence Act was presented by Sen. Orrin Hatch and Diane Feinstein in the winter of 2003. The Act stated an increase in funding for the federal prosecutors and FBI agents needed to conduct coordinated enforcement efforts against violent gangs. There are much better alternatives than trying to pass a law that most people will never even hear about, or increasing funding for prosecutors and FBI agents. Creating new gang-prosecution offences will not prevent teens from getting into gangs. Jeralyn Merritt, a criminal defense attorney in Denver, Co. also suggested sports and mentoring programs. We should not just focus on the children and forget about the adults, help those adults that are already gang involved by actually employing them, but under certain guidelines. If there were more options out there, people would be to mentally and physically busy to even consider joining a gang. Gang Prevention and Effective Deterrence Act would not do a ny good to assist in the fight against gangs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing funding to various federal organizations is not the way to prevent teens from joining street gangs. If kids have no extracurricular activities, they end up roaming the streets with nothing to do. They eventually start hanging around the wrong types of crowds, eventually ending up using drugs or joining a gang, for protection or just to belong. They are taught that going to jail is not a big deal and most of them already have relatives who are incarcerated anyway, so what’s to fear. The largest street gangs like the Almighty Latin Kings Nation and the Imperial Gangster Disciples have already formed branches in every major prison across the United States. So the government thinks these criminals are suffering behind bars, just think of these prisons as a big get-to-gather. So let’s try and catch the problem before it happens. Instead of just punishing these kids for choosing the wrong path, let’s help guide them down the right road.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Give the kids and teens after-school programs such as sports and mentoring programs. The government should not waste money funding useless laws, instead it should build more boys and girls clubs in the neighborhoods where gangs are likely appearing to organize. Most people who join a gang are just looking for a sense of belonging. These programs will show them they are smart and talented. It is that sense of belonging when they’re in an after-school group.

Arthur Miller :: Biographies Bio Biography

A leading American playwright, Arthur Miller, b. New York City, Oct. 17, 1915, has enriched the Broadway stage for several decades. Although Miller's dramas take place in familial settings, he has made a reputation for dealing with contemporary political and moral issues. Miller began writing plays while a student at the University of Michigan, where several of his dramatic efforts were rewarded with prizes. In 1937, during his senior year, one of his early plays was presented in Detroit by the Federal Theatre Project. In 1944 his The Man Who Had All the Luck won a prize offered by New York City's Theatre Guild. With his first successes--All My Sons (1947; film, 1948), winner of the Drama Critics Circle Award, and Death of a Salesman (1949; film, 1952), winner of both the Drama Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize--Miller condemned the American ideal of prosperity on the grounds that few can pursue it without making dangerous moral compromises. Death of a Salesman, with its expressionistic overtones, remains Miller's most widely admired work. The keen social conscience evident in these plays has continued to manifest itself in Miller's writing. In the Tony Award-winning The Crucible (1953), for instance, he wrote of the witch-hunts in colonial Salem, Mass., and implied a parallel with the congressional investigations into subversion then in progress. The probing psychological tragedy A View from the Bridge (1955) questions the reasonableness of U.S. immigration laws. After the Fall (1964), which includes a thinly disguised portrayal of Miller's unhappy marriage to film actress Marilyn Monroe, offers a second, candid consideration of the congressional investigations in which Miller had been personally involved. Two one-act plays, Incident at Vichy (1964) and The Price (1968), deal with the universality of human responsibility and the guilt that often accompanies survival and success. Miller's later dramatic works include The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972), a play that seemed too openly didactic for both critics and audiences, and The Ride Down Mount Morgan (1991), which opened in London to mixed reviews. Imbued with a passionate morality and demonstrating the absolute need for responsible, loving connections between people, most of Miller's work is indeed didactic. Miller's writings outside the theater have been prolific and varied. His novel Focus (1945) is an ironic tale of anti-semitism. The screenplay for the Misfits (1961) is only one of several he has written. In 1969 he wrote In Russia, a travel piece with illustrations by his wife, the photographer Inge Morath.

Kaupapa Māori Theory and Critical Theory Essay -- Education, Philosop

Discuss how Kaupapa MÄ ori Theory and Critical Theory are similar to one another and yet differ from Deficit Theory. Use examples and references to support your claims. Remember your examples should relate to an educational setting. For many eons the roots of kaupapa MÄ ori theory have grown in Aotearoa by virtue of being the MÄ ori ideology: a philosophical doctrine, incorporating the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values of MÄ ori society; whereas critical theory was developed in the â€Å"Frankfurt School â€Å"in Europe, in the 1930s. But apart from those thousands of miles and years, they have surprising similarities to each other (Pihama, 2001). Nonetheless: kaupapa MÄ ori theory is defined by MÄ ori for MÄ ori (Pihama, 2001). With a similar process, but not in a MÄ ori context, critical thinking analytically questions what is normally recognised as the unquestionable truth and evaluates it before reconstructing it (Elder, 2007). One vital aspect in the relevance to education of critical theory and kaupapa MÄ ori theory is the importance of teachers creating positive learning environments (Ministry of Education, 2010). Contrasting this, an example as defined in the Te Kotahitanga report , is the deficit theory, where mainstream teachers blame the lack of MÄ ori educational achievement on the students themselves, or their families or cultural background (Ministry of Education, 2010). The consequence of this deficit theorising is probable failure of pupils in the school system. Discussed in this essay will be the deficit theory and why education needs to look towards the more positive models of the kaupapa MÄ ori theory and critical theory with their similarities and successes. As prevention is better than cure, especially as the cure com... ...parents have used conscientisation, when they have not complied with the status quo of English medium schools, by moving their children, their whanau, their support and allegiance into the MÄ ori medium schools. Tragically, this has been because of deficit theorising, as MÄ ori have been under represented in educational successes, with teachers feeling there is little they can do to bring about change. Thankfully, for the greater percentage of MÄ ori children who still remain in English medium schools, with professional development models such as Te Kotahitanga, and Ka hikatia, with their MÄ ori education strategy initiatives, educators can create learning contexts that will provide students with those tools that are vital for the future, the tools of creative, critically reflective thinking citizens in a culturally inclusive environment that will benefit all pupils.

Package Comparison Materials

Packaging Materials Comparison/G. King 1 Packaging Materials Comparison George King #3141824 Date: 24 Mar 2013 Dr. Carmen Mousel American Military University TLMT351 D001 Win 13 Introduction What are advantages and disadvantages within the supply chain for a paper- based shipping container, a wood-based shipping container and a plastic-based shipping container for use as a distribution package (a non-retail shipping package)? Advantages for using paper-based shipping containers are due to the corrugated box being a sustainable, versatile, and lightweight material.The paper-based shipping container can be used for multitudes of products and can be made into a custom-manufactured shipping container for those products. Typically these containers are used for transporting a wide range of goods such as packaged goods, produce, meat products, and etc. Corrugated box usages are good for the environment due to it being both reusable and recyclable. The paper product can be compostable which will be good for the environment since it will not end up in a landfill if properly handled.Since the product is biodegradable it is better for the environment. 1 Disadvantage for using paper-based shipping containers are due to the paper product coming into contact with outside elements such as being susceptible with wet weather conditions such as rain and snow. Stacking for long periods of time are not good since over time they will lose their shape without some sort of pallet or contour structure included into the design. 1 ? Advantages for using a wood-based shipping container is due to the sturdiness of the product for protecting the contents further.Having a wood container available will allow for it to be exposed to harsh climate changes and rough handling. Wood is less likely to fall apart due to outside elements and easier for movement in and around the warehouse. These containers are normally built for heavy products since strength is needed for moving heavy loads. Wood bo xes are also needed when stacking heavy loads. The wooden crates can be easily transported in and around distribution centers once skids are attached to the bottom for forklift accessibility, unlike boxes where a pallet is needed for movement.Modification to wood crates or containers can be easily modified with doors and ramps making it easy to move items in and out. They are also eco friendly for being able to use the wood crates more than once. 2 ? Disadvantage to using wood is that crates can get to extreme temperatures inside; they can get too cold and or too hot depending on location. Controlling temperature is an issue. Also, having free space for stacking and moving wood crates can be hazardous. Wood also begins to wear out if utilized multiple times.Pests are an issue, meaning termites may have a field day when wood is exposed over time. Pathogens are of some concern as food inside containers could be exposed to bacterium E. coli and salmonella. 2 ? Advantages for using plas tic based shipping containers are normally seen with the use of drums. These containers are high in molecular weight and density polyethylene. They can withstand temperatures and are corrosion resistant. They can be used for both food and chemicals. Plastic drums are self supporting and can be used horizontally or vertically.Plastic can be easily molded into the contents of the product for further securing of the product. Handles can be installed for ease of movement. The imagination can run for a long time for molding your requirement. They can store just about anything. Many industries use plastic containers for warehouse operations, because they come in large sizes and they are stackable. Plastic is durable, cost effective, and can last for a long time. 3 ? Disadvantages of using plastic containers are that they hold smells of past transported product; therefore it is expensive to clean plastic.Plastic can also be a health issue. Plastic is not bio degradable and many companies w ill not recycle plastics. When thinking of using plastic for different tasks then it may not be the best option. 4 References 1. Website, http://www. internationalpaper. com/US/EN/Products/Transport/ShippingContainers. html 2. Website, http://www. container-transportation. com/shipping-container-housing. html 3. Website, www. usplastic. com/catalog/item. aspx? itemid=22827&catid=459 4. Website, http://www. ehow. com/info_8562652_advantages-disadvantages-plastic-containers. html

Analysis of Contemporary Health Care Issues Essay

US health care expenditures have been rising quickly over the past few years; it has risen more than the national financial system. Nonetheless a number of citizens in the US still lack appropriate health care. If the truth be told, health care expenditures are going to continue to increase; in addition numerous individuals will possibly have to make difficult choices pertaining to their health care. Our health system has grave problems that require reform, through reforming, there is optimism that there will be an increase in affordable health care and high-quality of care for America. Medicaid, Medicare and private sector insurances are all going through trials and tribulations because of spending. Obama Cares purpose is to put consumers back in charge of their health care and aid in driving down the cost of spending in health care. The reform will also strive to put forward a delivery system that operates better for all involved thereby decreasing organizational burdens and assisting in the collaboration towards improved care. If the reform is successful, it will lead to measureable improvements in care outcomes, and in the health of the American general public overall. Non-profit/Profit While non-profit organizations dominate the delivery of health services, there are more than a few for-profit organizations that remain affected by health care spending as well. By having Obama Care in place, non-profit and profit organizations can possibly see an increase by way of earnings and consumers. The CEO of See Change Health; Martin Watson, made a statement that said â€Å"without health reform, we figured we would get to the $800 million mark (in earnings) by 2016. With health reform, it looks like we’ll hit $1.5 billion by 2016.† (Kennedy, K. 2012). Although undeniable, numerous for-profit organizations may gain as a result of the reform, non-profit organizations may perhaps thrive also. In 2014, guarantors cannot profit by means of rejecting coverage any longer, consequently they will be more motivated to keep people healthy. (Kennedy, K, 2012). Due to the continuous changes by health care reform to the current system, everyone could benefit from sustaining spending. Financial Management Staff The Financial management staff is accountable for acquiring and effectually  making use of the resources required for operating efficiently. The first step the staff should take is to assess and develop economic proficiency of the present setup in addition to preparation for the outlook of future operations. Financial management staffs must plan, obtain and use funds to yield the complete benefits of the efficiency and assessment of its project. The next focus should be on long-term investments decisions, like new accommodations and machinery, and also how to obtain funds needed to purchase the necessities essential to sustain operation. Contract management is another responsibility. â€Å"Health services establishments have to negotiate, monitor, and sign contracts with managed care organizations and third-party payers.† (Halvorson, G.C. 2005). Since costs is excessive, there is hopefulness that the reform act can aid the pecuniary staffs to maintain or lessen their expenditures thru generating rudimentary regulations and standards. Rules and Regulations There are numerous rules and regulations the financial management staff must address pertaining to national health care spending. Their aim should be improved care, ensuring more healthy individuals and societies, all the while making sure affordable care is available for individuals, while lowering or sustaining health care spending. â€Å"Making quality care more affordable for individuals, families, employers and governments by developing and spreading new health care delivery models is key.† (National Strategy, 2011). Financial management must come up with proposals that will nurture new ideas, devices or processes to promote and lessen costs; The Affordable Care Act has provisions that will help financial management deal with simplification. By having extra electronic processing and less form-filling, it will eliminate the need to spend money on check printing, phone calls, and postage charges. Simplification and synchronization is needed for administrative. National health care spending is a heated issue; however there is a single entity that all agree upon and that is there needs to be cut backs or the maintaining of current expenses. The current reform will help decrease the percentage of Americans who are without coverage. An vigilant observation on healthcare spending is needed, at the rate its going now thing don’t look too good financially for anyone when it comes to healthcare. References Department of Health & Human Services. (2011). National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Healthcare. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Halvorson, G. C. (2005). Healthcare Tipping Points. Healthcare Financial Management (March): 74-80. Kennedy, K. (2012). Healthcare Law’s Impact on Businesses Varies. Retrieved from: http://usatoday.30.usatoday.com Woolhandler, S., & Himmelstein, D. (2011). Healthcare Reform 2.0 Social Research, 78 (3), 719-730

Personal Networking

Personal networking is a concept that has gained much relevance overtime it has especially been advanced by capitalism in that man tends to utilize labor from other as well as resources at his / her disposal to make ends meet. In the process it becomes important that one must often rely on peers and acquaintances in order to be successful in both social – economic arena as well as political arena. Although the term is controversial as at is mysterious, many explanations have surfaced. For instance there are those who argue that networking is morally wrong for it leads to marginalization or at least exemplifies it. In that regard those who take that view are opposed to networking concept mainly because it puts some people at disadvantage and this leads to inequality. For an instance in highly unprofessional business environments, job advertisements are not done appropriately. Therefore getting employed in such an environment requires one to have access to insider information on the company. This comes in the form of how networked one is. Networking simply refers to endless efforts of that are put to get connected or make connections for as to facilitate changes with other people or business. It actually involves knowing people as other businesses. It also entails developing communication process with these people and businesses. The communication involved here should be critical and of the accepted language that is persuasive and attracting should be encouraged. This attracts more people who in this are the customers as well as promoting god relationship with other businesses sometimes that leads to increase in profits and consequently success of the business. Networking involves exchanging, interacting and exchanging ideas or referrals, which it demands that trust must be, build between or among the involved parties. Networking is done anywhere for instance when tow people meet at a certain place they can decide to exchange their business cards. This can also happen to more than two people and it is very help full since incase one of them lands on to a job he/she can contact the others. Hence e networking is a very highly appreciated practice since it can alter these living standards. Networking is done al the time and is very essential especially when a newly established business is in need for a fast growth and success. It should network with the other businesses. The managers should network with those of other businesses so that they stand in a position of acquiring ideas that can help them cause tremendous growth to their businesses whenever they apply them. It should also seek to network with customers, offering quick and standard services so that the customers rest assures and trust the business in all its endeavors This will lead to customers recommending the business, which is simply networking. Through giving recommendations on the well services offered by the business, the customers will have networked with the business and more customers will chip in to benefit from the services. This way, the business will attain a fast growth since profits will be high. Networking is very important also for individuals who are engaged in provision of quality products or those who are involved in doing quality work. If these people really want success in their undertakings, they should interact with other people and give out their products. They will also in return get a lot of positive recommendations or reinforcement from the people and this is all what networking entails. Personal networking entails Personal networking is very important and can even help someone in finding a new job. As long as one has quality performance, one just need to reach out for those people who are in the highest ranks in the job and this will enable the person get a job easily. In order to network, one needs to know quite a lot of people, as well as establishing relationships with new people Businesses that practice networking establish very good relationship with the customers as well as the employers. Through networking, the businesses are able to reveal the services that they offer to their customers as well as how it operates. A good relationship between the business and the customers is established and this leads to fast growth of the business (Blyler, & Roundy,1993). Through networking also, businesses are able to open up their suppliers and if for example the business is unstable, a consensus may be reached for the supplier to be collecting their dues after an agreed period of tie. This promotes fast growth of the business. Every business organization should have a well-established communication method for it to experience success. Communication is a very important tool in business since it is only through communicating that the business can access its suppliers as well as other business counterparts. It is also important since it helps the business to pass information to its customers for example information about change of location, change in costs, or even introduction of a new property or service in the business. There quite different methods of communication in any business organization. These may include (a) Written method of communication This is a method of communication that uses letters to pass information. It is useful especially for the deaf or those people who have hearing problems, though they can still use sign language. Written method of communication is effective since the message is conveyed very fast once it is read by a few people. Written method or simply use of letters can be essential both for internal communication as well as external communication. They can be used to communicate to workers on pay rises, disciplinary measures as well as promotions. They can also include use of diagrams but this mostly depends on the nature of the message. This method of communication is cheap since no electronics are used moreover, there is a record kept for reference purposes. It also contains a lot of information especially when use of figures is practiced. However, written method of communication can be sometimes unreliable since it can be distorted or get lost. There is also possibility of not reaching the addressed people and can also be inconvenient method especially when the information to be communicated is urgent. This is due to the fact it takes quite a lot of time to construct the letters. There is no evidence whether the message has been delivered and received by the concerned people unless the concerned provides feedback. Additionally, the written form of communication a lot uncertainties since in case of wrong information, the recipients reply to it as it is. (b) Visual method of communication According to, Spitzberg, and Cupach. (1984). This also keeps workers informed on what is going on within the business enterprise. It mainly consists of picture accompanied by text. The picture or diagram has a meaning that is intended to pass across. This method of communication is very time consuming especially in drawing the pictures and the diagrams. Wrong information is likely to be passed to the concerned people, for example where the person drawing the pictures is not well conversant with relating the intended message to be communicated and the picture to represent this. However, if the pictures are kept attractive and eye catching, (Asante, & Gudykunst, 1989) they tend to draw attention of many people and if the message is well depicted in the pictures, then many people receives it. c) High tech method of communication. This simply refers to use of electronic communication, such as computers, televised pictures, e-mails, telephones as well as telex. It is a method that has facilitated communication process in terms of speed and reliance. For instance, use of e-mails in businesses for communicating takes a very short period of time and it is very reliable since an assurance that the intended recipients get the information is created. This method of communication is also used to reach people who are very far for example outside the country since there is a provision for Wide Area Network (WAN). This leads to attraction of customers from far and wide, who get to network with the business and hence success is achieved. In addition, accuracy is a very important element that is also achieved through use of this method as well as provision of immediate feedback. However, this method of communication is very expensive, for instance, it costs the business enterprise a lot of resources to buy computers, VDU screens as well as fixing telephones and telephone lines. Leiss, (1990) states that effective communication is the key factor that enhances administrative function. Effective communication simply refers to passing of the required messages to the intended recipients and ensuring that the messages reach the targeted people who are the recipients. It also entails use of the right communication channels that ensures which ensures that all the recipients have got the message as well as using the correct and the right language, which ought to be polite in passing messages. Administration is a very important practice in any business organization since it is through it that a peaceful working environment as well as an organized running of the organization is achieved. For the administrative functions to be satisfactorily met, effective communication should be encouraged. Guidelines to effective communication include: The urgency of the message to be communicated should be considered so as to be able to choose the effective method of communication. Here, very urgent messages should be communicated through High tech methods while those which are not urgent can be communicated through written methods. In order to communicate effectively, the administration also should consider the target or rather the audience. If for example, the target recipients of the message are deaf people, then the best methods of communications to be used are visual and written methods. Using oral communication in this scenario hinders communication and this leads to communication barrier, something that affects the business negatively leading to its collapse or losses. Effective communication is also achieved through realization and consideration of the other people’s interests, values as well as respect for their well being. This means that, no messages that demand people to do things that they cannot afford or are beyond their capabilities should be conveyed to the people(Stocklmayer, Gore, & Bryant, 2001). Effective communication should also put into considerations the time when the message is being conveyed to the recipients. For instance, Messages that come from the administration at the closing hour of the business when most of the workers are in a rush to reach their respective homes or attend to other duties are most likely not to be given the required attention (Allen, 1987). This then leads to poor flow of messages within the hierarchy. However, messages that are released or passed to the recipients in the morning hours are likely to draw quite a lot of attention from the recipients. This leads to a very nice flow of information and the overall result is success to the business since coordination will be maintained. Conclusion. Personal networking is very useful and important. It is one of the most attributes that a person can use to reach higher levels of success for example when one secures a good job through his efforts in meeting and making new friends. Networking is also very essential in business for it is only the way through which the businesses get to be known by quite a lot of people who also become the customers and this translates to success.