Causes and Consequences of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Essay

The leader of the Bus Boycott was a local preacher called Martin Luther King who formed the ‘Montgomery Improvement Association’ to orgnaise the boycott – and the protest made him the leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement until his assassination. SO – no Montgomery Bus Boycott, no non-violent direct action, no ‘I have a Dream’ speech, no Million-Men march etc. 5. During the Boycott, the Ku Klux Klan attacked the homes of Black leaders – this turned public opinion against the Whites. From then on public opinion, specially in the north, PLUS the Federal Government – openly supported Black Civil Rights. 6. Rosa Parkes became ‘the mother of the Civil Rights movement’: a role model, not only for Blacks, but also for women. In particular, the bus boycott showed ordinary Black men-and-women-in-the-street that – little as they could do individually – nevetheless, if they stood together and each did their little bit, that ‘we shall overcome one day’.

Explain How To Support Others To Promote Diversity Equality And Inclusion

Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. Diversity: The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.Example: One of my workmates wears a head cloth due to her religion, every one who works with her accepts that and do not object or make fun of her†¦ Every one respects her religion. Equality: Equality defined basically means equal rights for people regardless of what factors they might have that are different. Equality states that because they are human they must be equal. Example: every one is treated the same way. Inclusion: Inclusion is based upon the i dea of allowing everyone equal access to a service regardless of gender, disability, religion i e, There are many ways to ensure that your setting adheres to its inclusion policy.Example: I am feeling respected and valued for who I am at work. Discrimination: A person is treated less favourably than someone else and that the treatment is for a reason relating to the person’s protected characteristic (e. g. disability) Example: My workmate has a slight disability but is treated the same way as the rest of my â€Å"team† no favours or less favours, just the same as the rest of us. Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination.An individual: Loss of opportunities, withdrawal and depression, loss of self esteem. Their families: Anger, frustration and helplessness. Wider society: Loss of opportunities (what the individuals could contribute to society), division and disharmony. Those who discriminate: False s ense of self importance, possibly shame if they are confronted about their actions (discrimination is not always intended). Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. Way of challenging discrimination, how this will promote change. 1. Policy and Procedures. 2. Direct Confrontation. 3. Reporting Discrimination I can use each of these methods to encourage the abuser to see and understand what they have done wrong. This is more likely to promote a change in their behaviour than leaving them unchallenged. It also sends a message to others in the setting. Task B Leaflet Bi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting.Guidance for new workers. How can I learn new things? You can be told information, watch someone else do a task, talk about ideas with other people, read information or guidance, watch a DVD, research, ask your manager. A combination of all of the above is probably best, but different people prefer some ways of learning to others. Find the way that suits you best. You should discuss and reach agreement with your manager about the ways that will help you learn best.You might at tend training sessions, or be asked to read part of a book, training package or policy document, or to talk about your work with another team member who has knowledge to pass on. How will I be assessed? During your induction period (which could be up to 12 weeks) you will be assessed to make sure you have understood everything you have learned. Someone within your organisation, for example, your line manager or your training manager, might carry out this assessment. If part of your induction includes an accredited training programme, then someone outside of your organisation may carry out the assessment.However, it will still be your manager who has the responsibility to sign off your Certificate of Successful Completion when you have successfully completed your induction period. How can I develop my skills further? Essential learning for specific tasks, the induction provide you with the basic information and skills necessary for work There will be some tasks, however, that you may be required to do, that will need further learning before they can be performed safely. Examples include, using moving and handling equipment and preparation of food.Your employer must provide you with the learning you need to be able to perform these and other tasks safely. You should not be asked to undertake these tasks without having added the appropriate learning to your induction. Learning should continue throughout your career, and should enable you to develop new skills, and open up career options. Remember that you need to have a look at our policy's and various Act's which may include: Sex Discrimination Act, Race Relations Act, DisabilityDiscrimination Act, Equality Act, Human Rights Act, Health and Social Care Act (Regulated activities) and the Essential Standards, Codes of Practice for Social Care Workers. For me as a trainer, I need to challenge any abuse and explain why it is wrong. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity . Through Training and Discussion: Training and discussions are essential to raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion in any work settings. Discussion in meetings or group discussion among staffs play a vital role to raise awareness of equality, diversity and inclusion.The more they will engage in discussion or obtain trainings about this issue the more they will learn and be aware of and also they will be able and put them in their everyday’s practice. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion. Through providing leaflet, information and policies and procedures: Providing leaflets and sufficient information regarding diversity and equality can raise awareness to a social care worker by acquiring adequate knowledge about it.It also helps them to know about the consequences if agreed ways of working are not followed which restrain them from doing any form of discrimination relating this issue. Task C Reflective account C i Write a reflective account describing: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words A normal work night†¦ I come into work about 19. 0 have a brew and then get handover at 20. 00. Depending if I am in charge or a floor worker I either give out the medicines or start suppers. If I work on the floor I go around to the residents and offer them a few different things they can have for supper, such as toasts with jam, marmalade or just butter, a selection of sandwiches, cereals and hot/cold drinks, such as coffee, tea, chocolate, horlicks and juice or milk. After supper some of my residents watch TV before they retire to bed, and some go to bed straight after supper and may need assistance to get ready.Our lady X likes to go straight after supper a nd needs guidance to her room and help with freshen up prior getting in to bed, I assist her with personal hygiene needs and to put her nightdress on. Then I tuck her in proper and make sure she is comfortable and safe in bed, make sure the commode is at the side of her bed and her pressure mat is in front of the bed (just where she usually sit up to put her feet on the floor) so that she alert us staff when she is up out of bed or if she requires assistance during the night.During the night we do 2 hourly checks on our residents to ensure that they are safe, dry, clean and having adequate rest/sleep. In the morning I usually help 4-5 residents to get ready for the day, I pick out two outfits and let the resident choose if they haven't already got something in mind what to wear. I make sure the water is warm before I assist with the personal hygiene needs and I check their skin integrity to ensure that they don't have any pressure points that are sore. I always ask the resident to try to do as much as possible by themselves to maintain their independence, and I always explain to my residents what I am going to do in advance so they can assist me in my job. My residents likes to have a laugh in the morning and some of them likes the radio on in their room whilst they are getting ready so I try to meet their needs as much at possible. We often talk about their lives, what they have worked with, where they've been on holiday and so on. The residents often like to hear about my life, since I'm from Sweden, and I tell them when ever they ask.I always try to respect my residents choices and wishes, I don't have a religion and is a non believer, but I respect that people have their own religion and believes and I would never say anything to upset or hurt any of my residents, workmates or anyone. If someone show me respect they get that respect straight back, I don't like people who go around and talk behind your back, if I have done/said something wrong, please say it straight to me so I can justify myself to make it right.Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Inclusive Practice is a term which means the practical things that we do, when we are working with people who use our services, which demonstrate our professional values, standards, and principles in action. In particular Inclusive Practice is about participation, collaboration, and including people: where individuals are fully involved in choices and decisions that affect their lives and in the matters that are important to them.People who use mental health services say that being listened to, having their individual needs taken account of, and staff attitudes and values is a very important part of keeping well. The experience of participation is often as important as the end result. Participation itself may be an outcome. Inclusive Practice can benefit staff through sharing knowl edge and learning new and effective ways of working with people. People who use services bring new ideas, and we are able to respond from a more informed position. Inclusive Practice is good practice, and is also about a human rights and anti-discriminatory approach to mental health.Inclusive practice underpins anti-discriminatory practice and is the practical way in which we put our equality policies/agenda into action. All people are citizens and have rights and entitlements. They should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All people have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Equality and diversityMy thought on this subject is that it encompasses gender, race, age, disability, linguistic differences, learning abilities, sexual orientation, socio-economic statu s and cultural background and so on. Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words The activity coordinator might come to our unit to play dominoes with our residents but have to exclude two gentlemen, because one of them is deaf and the other one is blind, and that has everything to do with the lack of time and/or staff†¦To have the TV on so low that the blind gentleman can not hear the program he would like to listen to and have to go to his room and become isolated. Residents in wheelchairs that can't go on outings i. e a pub lunch because there is no wheelchair access to the pub or the door way are to narrow for the wheelchair. Residents with dementia that are excluded from outings due to being loud or noisy. To tell a resident to stay on his/her room because he/she is not allowed to sit in the lounge with others because he/she is shouting out at times or being very loud t alking to him/her self.

Causes of over Eating

The doctor told her that she was eating too much junk food and not enough health foods. The food she was eating wasn’t giving her enough energy. This is just to show how over eating unhealthy foods can affect you over all health. Over eating unhealthy foods cause serious health problems such as, heart problems, diabetes, and high blood pleasure. First, over eating can be so dangerous towards a person’s health. Heart problems are the worst sickness a person can have; in fact it’s one of the leading causes of death due to unhealthy eating. Whereas to avoid having heart problems by eating health and exercising. Greasy food causes fluid to crowd around the heart other body organs. It’s important to take care of the body so that there wouldn’t be health problems like this. Because who wants to have heart problems they get old in age no one does. Heart conditions are major issues. Second, diabetes comes from eating a lot of sugar, not burning calories, and fried foods. People with diabetes have to watch what they eat at all times. A person might look health on the outside but is unhealthy on the inside. Diabetes is a huge responsibility to withhold. A person with diabetes have to give there self a shot at least twice a day in the stomach, that’s very painful to go through. It’s obvious that people who find out that they have diabetes can’t leave a normal life anymore. Third, high blood pressure is one of the major causes of over eating. People seem to eat their pain away and its causes them to have all kinds of health problems. Dealing with high blood pressure and eating unhealthy food can really make a person have a nervous breakdown. In addition, high blood pressure it causes stress makes a person want to just eat more and more. The stress of this over eating make a person blood pressure goes up so high that it causes them to be hospitalized. Over eating isn’t good for a person with high blood pressure. Most seem to beat themselves down or just eat their hearts out because of their health problems. When people over eat the foods that they know is bad for them, in contrast its makes them have health issues. Heart problem are no good for those who have over eating addictions. Diabetes can get worse if a person continue to over eat unhealthy food. High blood pressure is very hard to deal with knowing that self is the cause of this bad health condition. Overall the cause of over eating has its down falls on a person’s way of living there life on a day to day bases. Causes of over Eating The doctor told her that she was eating too much junk food and not enough health foods. The food she was eating wasn’t giving her enough energy. This is just to show how over eating unhealthy foods can affect you over all health. Over eating unhealthy foods cause serious health problems such as, heart problems, diabetes, and high blood pleasure. First, over eating can be so dangerous towards a person’s health. Heart problems are the worst sickness a person can have; in fact it’s one of the leading causes of death due to unhealthy eating. Whereas to avoid having heart problems by eating health and exercising. Greasy food causes fluid to crowd around the heart other body organs. It’s important to take care of the body so that there wouldn’t be health problems like this. Because who wants to have heart problems they get old in age no one does. Heart conditions are major issues. Second, diabetes comes from eating a lot of sugar, not burning calories, and fried foods. People with diabetes have to watch what they eat at all times. A person might look health on the outside but is unhealthy on the inside. Diabetes is a huge responsibility to withhold. A person with diabetes have to give there self a shot at least twice a day in the stomach, that’s very painful to go through. It’s obvious that people who find out that they have diabetes can’t leave a normal life anymore. Third, high blood pressure is one of the major causes of over eating. People seem to eat their pain away and its causes them to have all kinds of health problems. Dealing with high blood pressure and eating unhealthy food can really make a person have a nervous breakdown. In addition, high blood pressure it causes stress makes a person want to just eat more and more. The stress of this over eating make a person blood pressure goes up so high that it causes them to be hospitalized. Over eating isn’t good for a person with high blood pressure. Most seem to beat themselves down or just eat their hearts out because of their health problems. When people over eat the foods that they know is bad for them, in contrast its makes them have health issues. Heart problem are no good for those who have over eating addictions. Diabetes can get worse if a person continue to over eat unhealthy food. High blood pressure is very hard to deal with knowing that self is the cause of this bad health condition. Overall the cause of over eating has its down falls on a person’s way of living there life on a day to day bases.

Non-state Actors Different From a Nation-State Actors Essay

Non-state Actors Different From a Nation-State Actors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that security stability of a given country or state is significant for peace maintenance and general economic development a stable society will attract investors hence the government should ensure that there is political stability in the country. The present research has identified that national interest is the basis of any nation if it is to fulfill what they intend to accomplish and are willing to protect its territories using its citizens, ideologies or its territories. Security not only has effects on the affected nation but also to other neighboring nations. In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper, when terrorists attack a nation it is seen as a global calamity. This has led to the establishment of security bodies dealing with international overseeing of security both international at the local level. Economic development in a nation is an indicator of high standards of living and thus government and non-governmental organ izations provide services, which aims at improving the economic state of the nation. International relations and realization of a stable nation have been a concern to government and various bodies this has led to the establishment of organizations foreseeing the overall security. Non-state actors and nation-state actors are examples of organizations establish to oversee security. The two organizations were set for a core role of security they, however, differ in several ways. This paper is going to outline the difference between non-state actors and nation-state actors. Non-state actors are organizations participating in international relations; they are entitled authority to influence and bring changes despite not being citizens of to the institution in the state they are located. The entrance entitled non-state actors into the international relations eliminates the postulation of realism and other theories of international relations. These theories argue the fact that interactions existing between various states contribute significantly in the study of international activities. Non-state has a significant impact on the society they are, however, not government representatives they include large private corporations, the Red Cross and private media among others. Nation-state actors are organizations representing the nation-state they are situated, they are citizens of that nation and their main role is to represent their government. They include bureaucrats, diplomats, elected leaders, and militants. The two types of actors have the main role of serving the people of different nations they are, however, different in terms of methods of operations and roles they perform. Nation-state actors represent the state officially; non-state actors, on the other hand, do not represent the state and are there to perform duties assigned. They are members of NGO’s and thus responsible to their sponsors. Formation of non-state occurs at the same time in different parts of the world their formation is recognized in states their situated, nation state were formed at a different place and time in various parts of the world. Nation-state actors are responsible to the government and their actions and undertakings are controlled by the state, for example, commissions created to investigate assigned issue in a nation have its activities monitored by the government. Non-state actors are not responsible to the government of the state they are situated they are an independent body, for example, The Red Cross undertakes their role without consulting the government they just follow the set guidelines. Non-state actors do not have a host state to be considered in instilling pressure on its leaders the Irish Republic Army during its operation in Britain operated as an independent entity without influence from the host state. Nation-state, for example, defense forces is controlled by state or its p atrons in instilling pressure in performing its duties, the patron appointed give out directions and orders during the delivery of their dutie

Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Issues in Stem Cell - Research Paper Example In body organs such as the gut, bone marrow, stem cells can regularly divide to repair and replace worn out cells (Moore 12). In contemporary biology, Stem cell research is one of the intriguing areas due to the expanding scientific discoveries. This has raised many scientific questions as well as ethical questions (Ethical issues 23). The first ethical issue is that regarding Human embryonic stem research. Human embryonic stem cell research is one field that has generated much concern and public debates. Cells that have the capability of developing into many different cells, also known as pluripotent stem cell lines, are usually isolated from few days old human embryos. The research offers a promise and hopes for new treatments for diseases such as Parkinson’s, diabetes and spinal injury. As new technologies and science advance, so do the ethical viewpoints and political controversies regarding these developments (Report on bioethics 17). This paper will discuss the ethical i ssues associated with Stem cell research as portrayed by various individuals and groups of people. Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research Human cell research is connected to human cloning which is a subject of much debate currently. There is confusion in the public discourse about what an embryo is. This issue has been very critical in defining when human life starts. There are several attitudes arising from different religious groups and varying interpretations of philosophical philosophies. There are arguments in determining the rights and privileges that an embryo in early human life has. According to some people, an embryo is a living being whether it has developed human features or not. These people are therefore against destruction of embryos while retrieving stem cells. This is ethically unacceptable to their faith, but to other people, it is no big deal (Guinn 154). Those that are against human stem cell research believe that life begins after conception, at the zygote stage w hile those in favor of this kind of research acknowledge that life does not begin until a later stage of embryo development. The people supporting this research argue that the benefits to the community outweigh the apprehension for the young embryos. The Roman Catholic is one of the religions that raise questions about the destruction of the embryos. It declared that human life begins after fertilization and ends in natural death. The Greek Orthodox also follows this view and agrees that embryos are human beings. To them, taking the embryo and removing the inner cell mass is regarded as murder (Guinn 158). Protestants, Jews and Muslims support the view that life starts between fourteen and forty weeks after conception. The UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Act define this as the streak stage where further research on the embryo is not permitted. This issue is often debated on as some regard is as immoral while others think it is alright. There is a third group of paper that beli eve that the embryo deserves respect as a human being, but it is acceptable to use them in research if it is justifiable with the consent from the couple donating the embryo (Caplan 156). The opposition of stem cell research is associated with the opposition to abortion by the pro-life movement. However, not all members are against this research.

The English Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The English Reformation - Essay Example This paragraph will examine the role of Martin Luther in the reformation of Western Civilization. Church has been dominating force in Western Civilization and over the period of time, it assumed the central role across different Regions because of the Catholic majority. What is, however, critical to note that many people actually considered Pope and Church involved in the worldly affairs and distracting from the original mandate of the same. Martin Luther was the person who basically called for the reformation of the Catholic Church and set the foundation for Protestant movement. By presenting his 95 theses he called for the full reforms of the Church and set forth the chain reaction which actually ensured personal freedom and proved as a move towards more liberal and open society in Western civilization. (Mullett) This will discuss the role of John Calvin in the reformation of the Western Civilization and how his theology challenged the Catholic Church. John Calvin played even a bigger role in the reformation process and his achievements are considered as even better than that of Martin Luther. Probably his greatest achievement in terms of the Reformation was further solidification of Protestant ideology and the flourishing of the Protestant churches across Europe. Though he and Luther shared the same theology, however, his influence in Germany proved as one of the deciding factors in terms of the spread of Protestantism across the region. The birth of Puritans, therefore, proved as a vital development which challenged the position of the established Catholic Church and appointed their own ministers without reporting to the Church. Calvin, therefore, was instrumental in founding what is now called Calvinism and was an important figure in reformation.  

The relationship between internal and external customer service Essay - 1

The relationship between internal and external customer service - Essay Example Therefore, the recognition of the important relationship between internal and external customer service is increasing. More and more firms and international companies have publicly asserted that their business success is a result of their strong relationships with their employees. Thus, it is already widely accepted that internal customer service quality leads to both internal and internal customer satisfaction (Minjoon & Shaohan 2010). On the other hand, claims of the companies that their success is a result of internal relationships with employees often are not taken seriously by different stakeholders (Herington, Johnson, and Scott, 2006). The aim of this research is to provide a more detailed analysis of customer service excellence and to evaluate critically the role played by internal customer service in the delivery of external customer service excellence. Customer service increasingly becomes a priority item in agenda of many organizations. It is widely recognized that customer service is a great opportunity for gaining competitive advantage for any type of business. Customer service enables the organization to â€Å"win customers† especially in today’s highly competitive and globalized market (Cook, 2008). Customer service quality is a widely known driver of a company’s profit. The more satisfied the customers are, the more benefits the company gains. In addition to improved profitability, customer-centred organizations enjoy the following benefits: differentiation from competitors; increased customer satisfaction and retention; improved image in the customer’s eyes; minimized price sensitivity; enhanced reputation; improved staff morale; reduced costs; increased productivity; good internal customer/supplier relationships; encourage participation among employees; continuous improvements to the companyâ₠¬â„¢s operations (Cook, 2008). That is why many organizations have recognized this opportunity and focused their

Reaction about the Movie The Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reaction about the Movie The Road - Essay Example Other complimentary characters are introduced as the theme of the story builds gradually. The Road is an awesome movie with well-coordinated scenes that result in a tear-jerking film on how a family struggles together in search of a better day. No depiction of the events that had just happened to earth is given. In any case, there is no need for that since no explanation is valid enough for the horrific scene that the movie presents. The viewers see a horrid scene of ash and a planet that is reduced to a vanishing, crumbling husk. There is no food or any form of life or a habitable place. Human bodies are strewn all over, bodies of survivors who were scared of cannibalism and had given up hope. Viggo and his son saunter to the south, closer to the equator, to avoid the harsh winter conditions. That presents the only hope in the movie â€Å"the road†, a road where humans are now cannibals and have to eat each other to survive, creating a dreadful scene of misery. The few surviv ors are no longer morally upright and need to feast on each other with abandon. An interesting contrast is created between â€Å"good guys† and â€Å"bad guys†, and this presents the concept of morality captivatingly. Morality and humanity drive the thesis in a simple approach that is easy to understand by even non-movie enthusiasts. Viggo presents a brilliant performance that typifies a man who believes in a better day. The characters anticipate an early death and are perplexed on whether to die or trudge on. The destruction of the world renders father and son homeless and makes them desperate scavengers with a miserable future and a desperate need to preserve humanity. The movie is unique in the way that it presents the story through the perception of the protagonists. There are no Hollywood representations in the presentation, just two main characters with a realistic need to survive.  

Dr. Henry Cotton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dr. Henry Cotton - Essay Example He observed that the patients with high body temperature frequently experience delusions and hallucinates; Meyer proposed that the presence of infectivity causes the behavioral disorders on the basis of biological grounds and Dr. Henry Cotton would turn out to be the major practitioner of this new concept in States. After developing into medicinal manager of Trenton State Hospital at the young age of just 30, Henry A. Cotton began to introduce various progressive plans, for example eliminating mechanical moderations that had formed frightening situations in refuges for a lot of years and executing staff meetings on a daily basis to talk about patient care. Cotton began to realize these newly rising medical theories by having patients teeth removed if they were alleged of harboring concealed affectivities. In the incident that this failed to treat a patient, he wanted sources of virus in tonsils and sinuses and frequently a tonsillectomy was suggested as further treatment. If a treatment was not attained after these processes, other organs were assumed of harbor infection. Testicles, ovaries, gall bladders, stomachs, spleens, cervixes, and mainly colons might be alleged as the center of infection and eliminate surgically, through the extra parts aimed at the rendering plant for additional procee ds. This was before even basic technical methods for instance manage groups -- much less double-blind experiments -- existed, statistical tactic for applications in human performance and medical study did not appear throughout the life span of Cotton. He might only go after imperfect techniques to collect information, a lot of it permitting for protrusion of predictable results. He described brilliant achievement with his methods, with heal rates of 85 percent; this, in combination with the feeling at the moment that inspecting such biological causes was the situation of the skill of medicine, fetched him

Dq 7 m9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dq 7 m9 - Essay Example As such, the modern concepts that involve ethics in organizations encompass related issues to the triple bottom line, fair-trade, corporate responsibility amongst others (Savitz & Weber, 2006). Business, non-profit, and governmental organizations have often been mentioning sustainability in their goals. However, measuring the extent under which business advocates for sustainable growth, or is being sustainable is quite difficult. In mid 1990s, Elkington had to determine sustainability by trying to encompass new frameworks that measure the performance in Corporate America. The accounting outlines triumphs beyond the traditional measures of profits and return on investments. It also achieves shareholder’s value to incorporate the social and environmental dimensions. The framework is the Triple Bottom Line. Therefore, in focusing on the all-inclusive investment results, in which case, it includes the performance in the scope of people, profit and the planet, the Triple Bottom Lin e reports becomes the vital tool that supports sustainability goals. It has had to enable the business and nonprofit organizations to adopt Triple Bottom Line sustainability framework to enhance evaluation of their performance. Such similar approaches have had the gain of currency with the governments at all levels (Elkington, 1997). The concept that the triple bottom line demonstrates is that companies or organizations are responsible for all their stakeholders, in which case it should be by balancing the responsibilities of the organization. This might involve all that is part of the company whether indirectly or directly, and the planet in which a human being lives. This approach of TBL observes the shareholders as part of the shareholder group, however, in only a part of it. If I would conduct a cost/benefit analysis with respect to continuing to support the TBL, then I will come to draw some conclusions. One measures the accomplishment of the business in provisions of the econo mic performance. If the business generates some sufficient returns of finance, including from investments, operating activities and financial activities, then the business becomes successful. The triple bottom line has had to take some criteria that assess the performance of the organizations, the economic, social, and environmental. By using the traditional method, and by basing the stakeholders approach, one measures the inflow and the outflow of resources from the business, in which case it includes cash and the finances, the liabilities, the assets and even the simplest definable business resources. This economic criterion will then determine the extent an organization generates in monetary value. It determines also the net worth of business at some point in time, which is a significant benefit to the organization. Measuring the social performance of the organization will be quite the difficult criteria. This criterion of the triple bottom line involves the taking into account t he influence of business on the people outside the business and those within the business. The principles of the triple bottom line on a business will play the role of benefiting the community and will ensure there is no exploitation of the people by the action of the business. Societal factors measured include the

Leadership Theories Essay Example for Free

Leadership Theories Essay One of the earliest approaches for studying leadership was the trait approach. This approach emphasizes attributes of leaders such as personality, motives, values, and skills. Underlying this approach was the assumption that some people are natural leaders, endowed with certain traits not possessed by other people. Early leadership theories attributed managerial success to extraordinary abilities such as tireless energy, penetrating intuition, uncanny foresight, and irresistible persuasive powers. Hundreds of trait studies conducted during the 1930s and 1940s sought to discover these elusive qualities, but this massive research effort failed to find any traits that would guarantee leadership success. One reason for the failure was a lack of attention to intervening variables in the causal chain that could explain how traits could affect a delayed outcome such as group performance or leader advancement. The predominant research method was to look for a significant correlation between individual leader attributes and a criterion of leader success, without examining any explanatory processes. However, as evidence from better designed research slowly accumulated over the years, researchers made progress in discovering how leader attributes are related to leadership behavior and effectiveness. A more recent trait approach examines leader values that are relevant for explaining ethical leadership. Behavior Approach The behavior approach began in the early 1950s after many researchers became discouraged with the trait approach and began to pay closer attention to what managers actually do on the job. The behavior research falls into two general subcategories. One line of research examines how managers spend their time and the typical pattern of activities, responsibilities, and functions for managerial jobs. Some of the research also investigates how managers cope with demands, constraints, and role conflicts in their jobs. Most research on managerial work uses descriptive methods of data collection such as direct observation, diaries, job description questionnaires, and anecdotes obtained from interviews. Although this research was not designed to directly assess effective leadership, it provides useful insights into this subject. Leadership effectiveness depends in part on how well a manager resolves role conflicts, copes with demands, recognizes opportunities, and overcomes constraints. Another subcategory of the behavior approach focuses on identifying effective leadership behavior. The preferred research method involves a survey field study with a behavior description questionnaire. In the past 50 years, hundreds of survey studies examined the correlation between leadership behavior and various indicators of leadership effectiveness. A much smaller number of studies used laboratory experiments, field experiments, or critical incidents to determine how effective leaders differ in behavior from ineffective leaders. Power-Influence Approach Power-influence research examines influence processes between leaders and other people. Like most research on traits and behavior, some of the power-influence research takes a leader-centered perspective with an implicit assumption that causality is unidirectional (leaders act and followers react). This research seeks to explain leadership effectiveness in terms of the amount and type of power possessed by a leader and how power is exercised. Power is viewed as important not only for influencing subordinates, but also for influencing peers, superiors, and people outside the organization, such as clients and suppliers. The favorite methodology has been the use of survey questionnaires to relate leader power to various measures of leadership effectiveness. Other power-influence research used questionnaires and descriptive incidents to determine how leaders influence the attitudes and behavior of followers. The study of influence tactics can be viewed as a bridge linking the power-influence approach and the behavior approach. The use of different influence tactics is compared in terms of their relative effectiveness for getting people to do what the leader wants. Participative leadership is concerned with power sharing and empowerment of followers, but it is firmly rooted in the tradition of behavior research as well. Many studies used questionnaires to correlate subordinate perceptions of participative leadership with criteria of leadership effectiveness such as subordinate satisfaction, effort, and performance. Laboratory and field experiments compared autocratic and participative leadership styles. Finally, descriptive case studies of effective managers examined how they use consultation and delegation to give people a sense of ownership for decisions. Situational Approach The situational approach emphasizes the importance of contextual factors that influence leadership processes. Major situational variables include the characteristics of followers, the nature of the work performed by the leader’s unit, the type of organization, and the nature of the external environment. This approach has two major subcategories. One line of research is an attempt to discover the extent to which leadership processes are the same or unique across different types of organizations, levels of management, and cultures. The primary research method is a comparative study of two or more situations. The dependent variables may be managerial perceptions and attitudes, managerial activities and behavior patterns, or influence processes. The other subcategory of situational research attempts to identify aspects of the situation that â€Å"moderate† the relationship of leader attributes (e.g., traits, skills, behavior) to leadership effectiveness. The assumption is that different attributes will be effective in different situations, and that the same attribute is not optimal in all situations. Theories describing this relationship are sometimes called â€Å"contingency theories† of leadership. A more extreme form of situational theory (â€Å"leadership substitutes†) identifies the conditions that can make hierarchical leadership redundant and unnecessary (Chapter 8). Integrative Approach An integrative approach involves more than one type of leadership variable. In recent years it has become more common for researchers to include two or more types of leadership variables in the same study, but it is still rare to find a theory that includes all of them (i.e., traits, behavior, influence processes, situational variables, and outcomes). An example of the integrative approach is the self-concept theory of charismatic leadership (see Chapter 9), which attempts to explain why the followers of some leaders are willing to exert exceptional effort and make personal sacrifices to accomplish the group objective or mission.

Affect of Women in Advertisement Essay Example for Free

Affect of Women in Advertisement Essay Abstract Due to advertisement clutter in the 21st century customers are exposed to a variety of advertising appeals that aims to influence their attitudes towards a wide range of products and services. Many companies worldwide are using women as an object to attract and influence consumers’ attitudes towa rds the products they sell. Women appear in huge number of advertisement as a sexual object or as attractive decorative model standing nearby a product, even when the sexual image has little relevance to the advertised product. This article looks at Jordan ian male consumers’ attitude towards using women in advertisement. Results reveals four factors tend to influence consumer attitude towards using women in advertisement. Culture, control, and emotion were found to have a significant influence on consumer attitude towards using women in advertisement, while there was no significant influence for women appearance on consumer attitude towards using women in advertisement. In general Jordanian male consumers’ were opposed to exposing, exploiting and objectifying the woman and her body in advertisement. Introduction Research on advertisement featuring sex role focused on how content and imagery affect cognitive responses and attitude toward the advertisement, which in turn affect attitude toward the brand and purchase intention (Jaffe, 1994; Leigh and Whitney, 1987). Attitude toward advertising can be defined in general as learned tendencies to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner to advertising in general (Lutz, 1985; Mackenzie and Lutz, 1989). The link between attitudes, intentions and behavior has been explained primarily by Ajzen (1985, 1988), Ajzen and Fishbein (1980). This theory is based on the assumption that human beings usually behave in a sensible manners where they will take into account information available to them and consider the consequences of their actions. Thus people are expected to act in accordance with their intentions. The personal factor is the attitude toward the behavior, which is the individual‟s positive or negat ive evaluation of performing the behavior of interest. Whereas the social determinant of intention is the person‟s perception of social pressure to perform the behavior under consideration. People generally intend to perform a behavior when they evaluate it positively and belief that important others think they should perform it. Advertisements perceived as contentious will not be effective in capturing the attention of people or changing their attitudes towards the advertised products (Michell and Al-Mossawi, 1995). Based on that, it‟s very essential to choose the appropriate advertisement strategies employed in advertising which range from informational to emotional. Among those designed to stir emotions or rouse particular feelings, we can find fear, humor, warmth, novelty, contrast, animation, music, and sexual arousal. According to Reichert et. al. (2001) sex appeal advertising invokes any message, which, whether as brand information in advertising contexts or as persuasive appeals in marketing contexts, is associated with sexual information. It has long been an accepted belief that this form of advertising is very effective at attention-grabbing, considered by some commentators as a powerful step in reaching one‟s target market, especially in the current clutter of 21st century marketing and communications (Reichert Lambiase, 2003). Sexual economics theory (SET) is a stimulating theory about sexuality that combines the idea of gender differences in sexual attitudes with social exchange theory, which S precher, (1989) conceptualize as two or more parties that each give up something with the aim of getting back something of greater value. Much research suggests that sex as an end in itself is less valued by women than men (Baummeister et al., 2001). Ther efore, sexual economics theory posits that women possess substantially greater negotiating power than do men in the context of a sexual exchange. Based on this theory, the current study will focus on men and the way women are used to persuade them in adver tisement to influence their attitudes. Using women in advertisement as a sexual appeal has transferred women to a marketing instrument by many firms. Women are used as a material mostly in advertisements (Bayraktar, 2011). In many advertisements, the ideal woman is an object that exists to satisfy men‟s sexual desires. Many researchers have shown that women in advertisements are portrayed as sex objects (Baker, 2005). Advertisers feature provocative images of sexually attractive women in ads (Reichert, 2 002). Sexual appeals in advertisements consist of a variety of elements models. Courtney and Whipple (1983) describes sexuality in advertisements as sexuality in the form of nudity, sexual imagery, innuendo, and double entendre used as an ad object for dif ferent kinds of products. Reichert (2002) reveals that common forms of sexuality in ads includes nudity (dress), physical attractiveness, seductive behavior and interaction, innuendo, and other factors such as setting, context and camera effects. While Lambiase and Reichert (2003) propose that there are five types of sexual content in ads: Nudity, sexual behavior, physical attractiveness, sexual referents, and sexual embeds. Ramirez and Reichert (2000) propose that viewers consider physical characteristics the most sexual in ads and the sub-categories of these characteristics are clothing, attractiveness and body. Table 1 shows the categories of women appearance in advertisements and their meanings in USA. It‟s noteworthy to say that women misrepresentation in advertisement is a world wide phenomenon. In India, for example, Bag and Roy (2010) bring up various reasons behind unaccept ed representation of women in advertisement, such as poverty where still a number of women, particularly young girls with intolerable economic misery compelled to represent themselves in different forms of uncultured version for survival. To the contrary some rich womens do it as a hobby, just to get mental or psychological satisfaction through modeling, front page sensational attraction in different popular magazines. Globalization is another factor responsible for misrepresentation of women in advertisement. Being attracted to western culture, teenager girls have been adopting western style in their garments and manners and hence, they have been losing their own culture and tradition, social values and moral character. Consumerism, which tries hard to inc rease the consumption of people, is another cause of such unaccepted representation. Much consumption means much economic profit which a group of people highly want. Profit maximization has escalated the introduction of women in a number of advertisements of different companies in television, magazine, T.V., Cinema, Newspaper, Cartoons, painting and even in the Internet to attract customers from different age groups. The different types of women representation in advertisement are presented below. Representation through Television- There is a lot of representation of women in advertisement through T.V. which affect common people and children adversely. It is obvious that visual indecent representation of them has been perverting psychologically all youth. Representation through Newspaper- Newspaper is another source of representation in indecent manner. Readers from almost all age group are intensely influenced while observing and reading those undesirable advertisements. Representation through Magazine- Similar examples will be cited in several advertisements in several reputed magazines where the honor of women have not only been despoiled simultaneously people are being psychologically endangered. But interestingly, by virtue of human instinct, neither presenter nor consumer is realizing its adverse impact. Other forms of Representation- There are other forms of uncultured representation which we can find rarely but have both internal and external effects on common people. Despite fewer in number, such representations are noticed in different sorts of paintings, hoarding hanging or fixed in cities and towns, and even displayed in Internet. Painting of undesirable quality is often displayed in cinema hall for greater publicity. Similarly, a lot of painters draw naked or half naked figures, which may have inner good meaning, but it is a matter of question how many people are finding that inner good meaning and how many are taking those adversely. Research Problem and Significance Very few studies tries to explain the influence of using women in advertisement based on cultural factors. Researchers have either concentrated on or compared dissimilar cultures, such as the U.S and Japan or they have focused on similarities or differences on similar cultur es, such as Great Britain and Australia (Al-Olayan and Karande, 2000). Many researches explain ads by using Hofstede‟s cultural dimensions or Hall‟s high and low typology and other country specific variables. Culture dominates communications, such as langu age, traditions, beliefs and music (Al-Olayan, Karande, 2000). Therefore, the main motivation behind this article is to identify the influence of using women in advertisement on male consumers‟ attitude in Jordan. This study is conducted in a Muslim country where Shariah (Islamic Law) prohibit the use of sexual appearance or body in a way to attract or convince consumers with company products, brands or services. This study is significant for the reason that there is no any study has been done in this field regarding this issue. Another reason for doing this study is to increase our understanding of the Arab societies, and in this case Jordan. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are: 1) To identify the factors that may affect male Jordanian consumers‟ attitude towards using women in advertisement 2) To examine consumers overall attitude towards using sexy women in advertisement Theoretical Background Culture and Advertisement Marketers need to observe the cultural traits, environments, norms, beliefs, and values of a particular country or region to obtain an understanding of whether their future behaviors will be perceived as ethical (Haque et al., 2010). For example, companies advertising their products or services in different countries should be aware of a country‟s existing norms concerning role portrayals and the way these organizations affect these norms (Gilly, 1988). Clow and Baack (2009) maintained that culture, religion and value system determine the levels of nudity, sexual references, and gender specific issues that are permitted in a country. Several differences have also been recognized across countries for men and women appear in different settings and for different products. Women are more likely to be portrayed in domestic environment as sex objects, while men are more likely to be portrayed being occupied. In Sweden, for example advertisers show men and women in greater variety of nonworking roles than in the U.S.A and Germany and women in Asian countries are less likely to be shown as sex objects (Das, 2000). Since in many Middle Eastern countries, sex and gender issues are taboo subjects, sexual appeals are not used in advertising and even sexually related products are difficult to advertise (Bryant, 1998). Muslim nations tend to reject any kind of nudity and any reference to sexuality and other gender -related issues. Any hint of sexuality or display of the female body is strictly forbidden. In Saudi Arabia and Malaysia, women must be shown in family settings. They cannot be depicted as being carefree or desirable to the opposite sex. Marlin (2008) conduct a study on how culture affects advertisement, he used an advertisement showing a sexy picture for Paris Hilton, the famous model wearing a bikini and asked respondents to writ e their reactions. About 27% had positive reactions, 45% had negative reactions and 28% were indifferent. For this advertisement some respondents were confused whether it is an advertisement for a burger or for a car. The results show that different cultures imply different reactions, some of the comments the respondents wrote were: †¢ Unrealistic, bizarre (German respondent) †¢ It is not about the product, they are selling a lifestyle (Iranian respondent) †¢ Nice, interesting (French respondent) †¢ Too much naked skin (1 Ethiopian and 1 Swedish respondent) †¢ I am discussed, angry and feel fat (Swedish respondent) †¢ Too naked, too unrealistic (Moroccan respondent) †¢ Sexistic (Swedish respondent) †¢ Inappropriate, bad taste (French respondent) †¢ It is totally unnecessary for the object of advertising (Swedish respondent) Muslim countries are not the only ones with restrictive advertising for sex appeals. Many Christian countries such as Ireland, Spain, South Africa, Mexico and the Philippines have similar standards. 184 While in Canada, France, and Sweden, sexism should be avoided in any advertising directed toward children (Boddewyn, 1991). Based on that, understanding how religious beliefs influence the attitude towards the advertising is of great importance to international advertisers and advertising agency managers in their efforts to improve advertising effectiveness without offending or alienating their target audience. It‟s important to comprehend that Islamic social philosophy is based on the belief that all spheres of life: spiritual, social, political, and economic form an indivisible unity that must be thoroughly imbued with Islamic values. Advertisement and Women in the Muslim world The aim of this section is to give an in-depth understanding on the nature and position of women and advertisement in the Muslim world to help and benefit marketers and the advertising producers in the Muslim world to gain a profound understanding of Muslim values. As a starting point, it‟s important to note that the Holy Quran does not prohibit advertising (Al-Makaty et al., 1996). Some advertisements use religious terminology to reassure consumers of the Islamic integrity of products and services. For example, in a television advertisement, a Saudi Investment ba nk in Egypt had used religious terms to show that it had no unlawful transactions and that all of its financial products Shariah compliant. The use of selected Quranic injunctions and words can enhance the mood of the advertising communication to make it more appealing to Muslim consumers. Luqmani et al. (1989) provide an example of a manufactured water pump that uses a verse from the Quran in advertising. Although it is obviously welcome to keep in mind that the Islamic regulations related to business and marketing, appropriate implementation of precise Islamic terms is crucial. Contrary to this, a business may face unexpected troubles in gaining markets in Muslim populous areas if some how its advertisements create feelings that are inconsistent with religious sensitivities. In such a context, the most potential and contemporary issues in Islamic markets should be carefully introduced, developed, and offered through appropriate advertising and communication messages which meet the commitment of ethics as gu ided in the Islamic Shariah. For example, the Islamic system encourages moderation in living, while prodigality and waste are denounced. Costly promotional efforts and massive commercial advertisements by businesses are considered unnecessary. Producers of advertisements must make sure that their advertising campaign does not overstep any social or legal norms. Little attention has been paid on the exposure of advertisement in the Arab societies. Except from investigations in Saudi Arabian ads, there is only one study that has examined the cross-cultural differences in advertising content in other countries in the Middle East and only one study of the portrayal of Egyptian women in television commercials. Luqmani et al., (1987) study focused only on the influence of Islam on advertising content and regulation in Saudi Arabia while Michell and Al-Mossawi, (1999) study focused on message contentiousness among Gulf Co-operative Council countries, and showed that religious Muslims scored lower in terms of recall and were unfavorable towards contentious advertisements relative to lenient Muslims. The findings suggest that there is a difference in perceived controversial elements in advertisements between a devout and a lenient Muslim. These findings also highlight the importance of matching creative execution and message content to a society‟s socio-cultural environment. Michell and Al-Mossawi claim an offensive advertisement will not be effective in capturing an audience‟s attention or changing his/her attitudes. Both of these studies revealed the importance of understanding the Islamic religion in relation to effective advertising. In particular, Luqmani et al., assert that unconventional advertisements must obtain prior approval from religious authorities. While in Malaysia, Unilever‟s used an ad for Pond‟s skin lightening moisturizer showing a Malay college student using the product for a fairer complexion to attract a boy‟s attention. The ad is deemed offensive to the Muslim ethnic culture (Haque et al., 2010). In addition to the above mentioned facts, the women‟s status is debated among traditional Islamists, reformist Islamists and feminists, secular or Islamic. The traditional Islamists are clear about the male-female differences and insist on the distinct sex roles. They view women as emotional, sentimental and weak humans whose duty is in the household. The traditional Islamists take every verse in the Qur‟an as a source of protection of women and see women as minors that need to be protected by superior men. In return the woman will nurture the family and try to please her father, brother or son, or whoever may be the head of the household. The woman has a responsibility to maintain the honor, reputation and status of the family. Traditionally, a man‟s hon or depends on the extent on the virginity of his sisters, wife and daughters, and widows divorcees‟ sexual continent. 185 The Islamic reformists believe that the inferiority is only in relation to the woman‟s physical strength and weaker autonomy, thus she is capable of participating in all spheres or public and social life. Modern and liberal reformists are trying to accommodate the Islamic rules with the realities of modern times. The feminist view is a secular movement whose aim is to achieve equality for women. The roots of this movement consider the woman as totally subordinated to the man and that the veil is a symbol of this. Advertising in Jordan Jordan‟s media sector has seen significant privatization and liberalization efforts in recent years. Based on official rack rates, research firm Ipsos estimated that the advertisement sector spent some $303m towards publicity in Jordan‟s media, 80% of which was spent on newspapers, followed by TV, radio and magazines. In recent years, Jordan has also seen a spectacular rise in the number of blogs, websites and news portals as sources of news information. The increasing diversification of Jordan‟s media boosted advertising revenues and private initiatives. Recording growth of 30%, 2007 turned out to be yet another outstanding year for Jordan‟s advertising industry. Following nearly a decade of double-digit growth, the Jordanian advertising had some catching up to do with the rest of the region in terms of average expenditure per capita. Since 2000 total ad spend increased from $77m to $303m in 2008, an increase of 260%. The Jordanian telecoms sector was the biggest ad spender in 2008, accounting for around 20% of the market, followed by banking and finance sector (12%), services industry (11%), real estate (8%) and the automotive sector (5%). Research Design In order to measure Jordanian male consumers‟ attitude towards using women in advertisement , male respondents between 18-55 years were selected. The survey instrument included a list of 22 statements from which respondents were asked to indicate their level of personal acceptance on a five-point scale, where 1 means â€Å"Strongly Disagree† and 5 means â€Å"Strongly Agree†. Statements from 1 -17 was designed to measure factors affecting consumers attitude towards using women in advertisement. Most of the statements were adapted from earlier studies, for example (Al Makaty et al. 1996; Nordà ©n 2006; and Baker, C.N. 2005). While statement 18-22 were designed to measure consumers overall attitude towards advertisements. The statements were adapted from earlier studies as well such as (Usman, 2010; and Ashill, 2005). Respondents belonging to different demographic groups in terms of education level, marital status and profession were considered in the study. The sampling frame for the study was male consumers living in west of Amman. For respondents‟ selection, simple random sampling procedure was adopted. Questionnaires were filled by the respondents. The total number of respondents was 450. The responses received were 353 (80.5 per cent). Cronbach alpha reliability analysis was conducted for the items included in the study. The internal consistency Cronbach alpha value for reliability of the questionnaire was found to be 0.74. All items were well above the 0.70, which was the commonly accepted threshold (Nunnally 1978). Respondent Profile Respondents from different parts of west Amman were asked to fill in the questionnaire. Table 2 depicts a summation of the study‟s respondents‟ demographic information. As per research objectives all the respondents are male consumers. Of the 353 respondents, 79.0 per cent were less than 25 years of age. A larger number of respondents were unmarried (74.4 per cent) the maximum respondents fell into this age group, since youth is the target market and they are the ones who pay maximum attention to the advertisements. Out of the remaining sample, only 2.3 per cent were above 55 years of age. The remaining 29.5 per cent belonged to the age group of 26–55 years of age. The larger number of r espondents was unmarried (74.4 per cent), and this could be attributed to the young age of the respondent. In addition most of them 78.5 percent were with undergraduate education. The maximum respondents in the category „profession‟ belonged to the student group with a major share of 68.2 per cent and the remaining 31.8 per cent included businessmen, executives and others. The overall composition of respondents included in the study was young, unmarried and students.

E-commerce Amazon Innovation

E-commerce Amazon Innovation Does it pay to be the first mover in e-commerce? The case of Amazon.com This case study outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the early adoption of e-commerce using Amazon.com as an example. According to a study, being first in the market does not guarantee large market share. According to Shankar et al leaders in the market for personal computers, video games were covered by late entrants. Hence, order of entry does not necessarily make sure a leadership in the market or continuing rewards. According to the author, imitation over rides innovation in the e-commerce bazaar due to quick technological innovation, fast movement of information and weak patenting laws. Innovation is some times seen as a risk due to the high cost, less chances of survival and imitation. First movers may be able to switch costs as step towards gaining an edge in the e-commerce market. However, that is not long term. It is most advantageous for companies to prevent transfer of knowledge gained through experience since this will create obstruction to new entrants and there will be few competitors. But this is not practical. On the other hand this may create barrier to company as it may continue to invest in obsolete technology. There may be advantages of not being first mover in the e-commerce market. It is very risky for a firm to enter the market when there is uncertainty. Followers learn from mistakes that first movers make and attract customers to towards their product by projecting incumbents product as inferior. First movers may have failures because of the same routines or patterns of conducting business as was before moving to e-commerce. Companies may need to change depending on the type of business, geographical area and cost. Amazon was one of the first companies to have an online book store and is very popular in the US. They do not have a physical store (Just a website), which would take order from customers. Amazon was the only online store that provided after sales service to customers when it allowed customers to search for books that were hard to find. It also offered comparative shopping where the site would give suggestions where else the book could be found. They also introduced member programs where a customer could earn commission by introducing customers to them after every purchase they make. Amazon believes that customers online look for brand names. They also maintained records of customers buying habits and purchase history. They have invested 40% of the revenue in brand building and customer loyalty. Since Amazon is first mover in the market it has set standards so that other can follow the same pattern. The strategies used by Amazon are such that they have a lot of repeat customers and the shoppers become used to buying from them. Innovating and patenting are very important to companies development. Many customers tend to buy from websites that are tried and tested rather than new websites. Hence, it is very important for new companies to follow strict rules and guidelines in order to show that they offer something unique and different from what others do. Reference: Kamel Mellahi, Michael Johnson Does it pay to be a first mover in eCommerce? The case of Amazon.com Coventry Business School, Coventry University, Coventry UK Management Decision 38/7 (2000) 445-452 MCB University Press ISSN 0025-1747

Chuck Berry and Teenage Culture in the 1950s Essay -- Biography Bio Mu

Chuck Berry and Teenage Culture in the 1950s Teenagers were a new species at the beginning of the 1950's. Before then, adolescents in America had traditionally gone to work to support their family or to start their own family as soon as they were old enough. However, the years of post-war prosperity and the expansion of suburbia provided teenagers (who were too young to remember the scarcities of the Depression and the war effort) with plenty of leisure time. At the same time, advances in technology made vinyl 45's cheap and easily accessible to both artists and listeners. White teenagers bought up pop hits coming off the Billboard 100, although many who were listening to black radio stations preferred rhythm and blues tunes which were always played by black performers. In fact rhythm and blues was pretty much used as a synonym for black music. Chuck Berry was one of the first black musicians to do well with a white audience. Because of his middle class background, his energetic performing style, and his youth-associated lyrics , Chuck Berry broke through the race barrier and became one of the first "rock stars." Berry became a representative of the teenage generation, even though he recorded his first single at the age of 29. His experience growing up, though he was almost 15 years older than many of his fans, was similar enough to the suburban experience that he could easily identify with the restless attitude of white middle class teens. Berry was "a city kid from St. Louis . . . not rooted in the rural past as were the country blues artists at Chess." (DeWitt, 140) The joys of fast cars, young love, and a rockin' beat that Berry prized as a teenager did not diminish with his age. Berry grew up around East St. Louis. Li... ...ve developed in the way it did, but without teenage fans, Chuck Berry might never have recorded a song. Bibliography Berry, Chuck. Chuck Berry: The Autobiography. New York: Harmony Books, 1987. Chapple, Steve and Rebecca Garofolo. Rock 'n' Roll is Here to Pay. Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1977. Cohodas, Nadine. Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. DeWitt, Howard. Chuck Berry: Rock 'n' Roll Music. Freemont, CA: Horizon Books, 1981. Halberstam, David. The Fifties. New York: Villard Books, 1993. Hendler, Herb. Year by Year in the Rock Era. London: Greenwood Press, 1983. Reese, Krista. Chuck Berry: Mr. Rock and Roll. London: Proteus Books, 1982. Rudolph, Dietmar. A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: Lyrics. http://members.tripod.com/~buitendeboot/LYRICS.HTML. 2001.

Full Fathom Five :: Full Fathom Five Essays

Full Fathom Five In Sylvia Plath’s poem, "Full Fathom Five" she describe her father in beautiful and abstract terms which signify aspects to the relatioship Plath had with her father. This poem, along with other works from Sylvia Plath, provide a lot of insight into the type of relationship she might have had with her father. The imagery Plath uses to describe her father is reminiscent of fairy tails and monsters, where the idea she gives me about her father is a larger-than-life character which is made of the sea; huge, with white hair, and beard. She describes her father's hair as a huge net, which gives him a larger than life size, common to the perception a young girl would have of her father. Another word that comes to my mind when thinking about her father is that he was an extremeley fathomable figure in Plath's life, something very possible due to the fact that her father died when she was barely eight years old. This is consistent with the title of the poem 'Full Fathom Five'. Plath's view of her father as this large fable-like, mythical characater. In the poem she describes him as one who 'surfaces seldom'. This line refers to her not knowing her father for a long time, and at the time she did know him (from birth to age eight) she was quite small and vulnerable compared to the formidable presence of ones father. Another clue to Plath's reverence towards her father is the reference she makes to him being 'inscrutable'. A young child is very likely to see their father as difficult to approach, or ask questions. An ideal father is one who is loving and approachable, but Plath's description of her own father conveys neither feature. Undoubtedly a troubled childhood which can be infered from this poem is consistent with the subsequent events of Sylvia Plath's life. Plath went through years of depression, eventually commiting suicide in 1964. I suspect that Plath had a great deal of anger surrounding her fathers death, perhaps for leaving her so early. Yet at the same time, she expresses an anger for the life her father led while he was living, implicating some sence of insest in their relationship. Plath wrote another poem about her father entitled 'Daddy' in which among other things, Plath calls her father a bastard. Full Fathom Five :: Full Fathom Five Essays Full Fathom Five In Sylvia Plath’s poem, "Full Fathom Five" she describe her father in beautiful and abstract terms which signify aspects to the relatioship Plath had with her father. This poem, along with other works from Sylvia Plath, provide a lot of insight into the type of relationship she might have had with her father. The imagery Plath uses to describe her father is reminiscent of fairy tails and monsters, where the idea she gives me about her father is a larger-than-life character which is made of the sea; huge, with white hair, and beard. She describes her father's hair as a huge net, which gives him a larger than life size, common to the perception a young girl would have of her father. Another word that comes to my mind when thinking about her father is that he was an extremeley fathomable figure in Plath's life, something very possible due to the fact that her father died when she was barely eight years old. This is consistent with the title of the poem 'Full Fathom Five'. Plath's view of her father as this large fable-like, mythical characater. In the poem she describes him as one who 'surfaces seldom'. This line refers to her not knowing her father for a long time, and at the time she did know him (from birth to age eight) she was quite small and vulnerable compared to the formidable presence of ones father. Another clue to Plath's reverence towards her father is the reference she makes to him being 'inscrutable'. A young child is very likely to see their father as difficult to approach, or ask questions. An ideal father is one who is loving and approachable, but Plath's description of her own father conveys neither feature. Undoubtedly a troubled childhood which can be infered from this poem is consistent with the subsequent events of Sylvia Plath's life. Plath went through years of depression, eventually commiting suicide in 1964. I suspect that Plath had a great deal of anger surrounding her fathers death, perhaps for leaving her so early. Yet at the same time, she expresses an anger for the life her father led while he was living, implicating some sence of insest in their relationship. Plath wrote another poem about her father entitled 'Daddy' in which among other things, Plath calls her father a bastard.

The Downfall of Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth's love for Lady Macbeth, in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, caused Macbeth to feel the need to prove his manhood, which eventually lead to his downfall. Macbeth was not secure in his manhood, so he felt the need to prove himself to Lady Macbeth. After he proved he was a man by killing Duncan, and he felt he had a lot of power to do whatever he wanted. Macbeth became desensitized between all the killing and the hype of being the King. In the beginning of the play Macbeth showed his love for Lady Macbeth in many different ways. He told her his feelings toward her "My dearest love" (act I, scene v, l 58). Macbeth listens to what Lady Macbeth has to say, and takes her advice into consideration every time he makes a decision. He also has great love for her and tries his best to make her happy no matter what it takes. Then Lady Macbeth convinced Macbeth that he wasn't a man unless he went through with the murder of Duncan. She threatens his manhood by saying "When you durst do it, then you were a man;/ And to be more than what you were, you would/ Be so much more the man" (act I, scene vii, l 49-51). This made Macbeth begin to think, and slowly but surely Lady Macbeth had manipulated his mind to think the right thing to do was kill Duncan. Macbeth had decided in order to prove his manhood he must go through with this horrible act. Barta 2 After Macbeth had committed the crime he felt that his soul could never be cleansed no matter what he did. He said "They pluck out mine own eyes!/Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood/Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather/The Multitudinous seas incarnadine, /Making the green one red" (act II, scene iii, l 58-62). This shows that he really didn't want to kill Duncan, but he did it in order to prove himself to Lady Macbeth, and to become the king. By the end he had no fear, and had killed not only Duncan but also many other people. He now had different views from which he had in the beginning of the play. Macbeth realizes that he is no longer afraid "no, nor more fearful. (Act V, scene vii, l 9). He is now considered a man, but he doesn't like the fact that he has killed all these people.

How Does the Individual Influence World Events Essay

â€Å"How does the individual influence world events?† Muhammad is the prophet of the Islam. Islam means submission to the will of Allah. Allah is the one and only Islamic God. He taught the Middle Eastern people that Allah was the only God and that all other gods must be abandoned. Muhammad was and still is a highly respected individual that created the largest religion the world has ever seen. The Muslim religion has over a billion and a half followers, which is 25 % of the world’s population. Muhammad claimed that he saw an angel while meditating at a cave. The angel told Muhammad that he was the messenger for God. From that day and on, Muhammad began to spread the word of Allah. He began to preach at Mecca in 610 but reached minimum success. In 622, a criticized Muhammad left Mecca for Yathrib. To all Muslims, this migration is known as the Hijrah. In Yathrib, Muhammad drew many followers and influenced many people. Yathrib was later named Medina meaning â€Å"the city of the prophet†. During this time, Muhammad became a military leader. In the year 630, Muhammad and 10,000 of his followers marched into Mecca and caused Mecca’s leaders to surrender. The prophet entered Mecca in triumph. Many Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam. â€Å"How does the individual influence world events?† Barack Obama is the president of the United States of America. Everything he does sets the mood for the entire world, so much that he is under tremendous pressure. This pressure includes living up to the change he promised the world, pleasing his people and fixing the U.S’s un-stable economy. No other political figure in today’s world may be as significant as President Obama. His decisions and actions affect both people in America and people across the world. For example Obama has sent 50 thousand troops to Afghanistan. This negatively affected his image due to the fact that he promised for change when this action shows no change between him and former president Bush. This also affected the Muslim view on Barack Obama because they thought that he would focus on peace more than war. Due to his race, the world has broken many racial barriers and racism is not as much a factor as was before. Barack Obama can be labeled as one of the most influential political leaders of all time, even though he has been in office for so little time. This is because of the racial barriers he has broken and the ideas and decisions he both promised and has fulfilled. â€Å"How does the individual influence world events?† The individual can influence today’s world in many ways. We can become more involved in the care of the environment by making small decisions that will not drastically change our lifestyles but can change the world. These changes include minimizing the time of showers, shutting off all lights when you are not using them, using renewable energy sources, switching to compact florescent light bulbs etc. The individual should educate themselves along with others on how becoming green is the way to go. China for example is making big changes when it comes to helping the environment. China has 50 % of all solar energy panels and is the number 1 producer of wind turbines.

Jack Carlisle, CIO Essay

IZL is a growing monetary services institution and there has been a sudden fill-in of the chief operating officer of the telephoner. This lead the company in a state of turmoil and employees ar changeful about their job. Jack Carlisle was hired to organize the IT root in IZL. IT was non well(p) managed in IZL to align it with the vocation schema and a lot of restructuring was required. at that place was wishing of infrastructure for applications as well as regulatory purposes. Physical infrastructure was non properly managed and people in the transcription ar non fitting to cope up with the growth in the company. IZL itself as an organization has many immanent issues ranging from absence of proper barter scheme to conflict amongst the personal credit line leaders. With new competitors entranceway into the market and lack of integrated line of reasoning objectives with IT, the profits of the company have wear away and as a result, the stocks have plummeted. t here is a need for the collaborative travail to put proper business strategy in place as well as standard operating procedures since the company has grown enough to be managed on adhocracy. Carlisle has been able to codify the management placement and financial practices but most of the departments are not pleased with the transparency. Carlisle should see to get the business heads on display board before defining the business applications for them as if they are not satisfied, technology depart not be accepted. Moreover he was able to stabilize the current IT physical infrastructure. IZL has too many vendors and business volumes were not properly available to properly aim the capacity required for the business. Many business areas go directly to procure a service instead of going through the IT division showing the lack of wideness of IT in the organization.The business conducted over the net spurt has shrunk from 52% to 49% and since most of the financial service data wa s digital in nature, it could be very(prenominal) unspoiled to the business. at that place is also lack of coordination between the sales people and the IT department. Alongwith improving the business and bad IZL a selling point, the conversion of business primarily over the internet entrust also help in integrating various departments. But all these plans were work in progress when Hansen was the CEO. But with recent change in leadership with Giles as the CIO, many of these ideas aptitude not belong concrete implementation. Giles communication has a lack of clear and direct communication which shows a lack of leadership as this could directly affect the future of the company. His employees are uncertain about what he thinks of them and are inefficient to relate to him.Furthermore, because of recent restructuring of human resources in the organization, especially with the fundamental military group world fired from the company, have created even great uncertainty at a very sensitive time. This might show that he is probably not able to palm company transitions. The company is currently in crisis, because key personnel are not certain of their position and their future in the company Carlisle is a shooter constitution who says things straight to the face which is quite turnabout to the style of Giles who seldom gives comments on the situation.This might cause drift between the CEO and CIO which might not be beneficial for the company. Giles should take responsibility and properly excrete his plans to his employees to gain their trust and loyalty. He mustiness reduce the uncertainty in the minds of his key personnel so that he may not lose any personnel he doesnt want to. Considering the initial success of Carlisle, it would not be a good idea to let Carlisle go from the company. Giles should focus on designing a business plan which is suitable for the organization as a whole and have Carlisle to design an IT strategy aligning with the busi ness.

Separate Pasts Essay

Separate Pasts takes place during the 1950s in Melton A. McLaurins sm each(prenominal) kinsfolktown, Wade, North Carolina. It is a detailed account of his boyhood in the rural stabooheast, which was a cartridge holder when racialism was a daily norm. McLaurin argues that racism existed unchallenged in the rural S awayh. I found that this argument is valid due to the individualised experiences that he had to face slice growing up in the rural to the south, which he describes in great detail. McLaurin grew up with the knowledge that clears were treat very differently than abusives and not view any issue of it. Although unrelentings and black-and-blues were demanded to civilise to guideher in the closure, he spy that every superstar compete a different role based pip their race. some(prenominal) of the roles cosmos, moroses always entered through the back doors of homes, predominate the door open for the whites, did the laundry for the whites and were responsible for all the labor work for the whites. McLaurin was not awake(predicate) of how severe racism was at that duration until he experienced it startle hand with Bobo. Bobo, who was his inaugural opprobrious friend, was not an important part of his life although they grew up together and had known him his whole life. It all started one(a) fall Saturday afternoon when McLaurin, BoBo and six other plenty, white and black, started playing a pickup game. Pickup games were basketball games played amid two integrated teams, no event of race, based solely upon the skills of the individuals. As the game commenced, the basketball that was being used was known to leak behavior and had to be re-inflated every thirty minutes. McLaurin, Bobo, and their friend Howard went to the computer storage, the chisel in he worked at, to inflate the ball once they noticed it was no agelong able to bounce and interfered with the game. in that location was a normal procedure that needed to be fol lowed in order to inflate the ball. First, in that respect was a harry that needed to be lubricated by being stuck it into someones mouth or having someone spit on it.Next, the beset would be inserted into the small round valve where the basketball was inflated. By adjacent those two steps it would lead to the third and concluding step, inflating the basketball. However, this particular time in McLaurin, Bobo and Howards case, they ran into a dilemma. The needle could not be inserted into the valve, no matter how many times they tried. The needle was handed oer to Bobo for him to apply saliva using his mouth to evidence and lubricate the needle for it to be pushed into the valve. Still with no luck, McLaurin decided to take the matter into his own detention and put the needle into his mouth, convinced that his spit would getthe needle into the valve allowing them to return to the playing court.After placing the needle into his mouth, a moment of identification hit him. A spli t second after placing the needle in my mouth, I was jolted by one of the intimately shattering emotional experiences of my young life. (Page 37) He came to the recognition that the same needle he had just fit(p) in his mouth, was in Bobos mouth seconds before. The needle in my mouth, however, had been purposely drenched with Negro spit, and that subject matter exist to defile my entire beingIt threatened me with germs which, everyone said, were common along with blacksthese black germs would ravish my torso with unspeakable diseases, diseases from the tropics, Congo illnesses that would rot my limbs, contort my automobile trunk with pain. (Page 37)McLaurin felt that Bobos saliva, Negros saliva, threatened the concept of what being white pixilatedt. The more he thought or so the situation, the more he became angry, upset and disgusted with himself. Its utmost caused McLaurin to feel the need to spit and gag in order to throw up any of the black saliva that might still have remained in his body. He felt as if Bobos black essence degraded him and made him like Bobo, black, slight than human. McLaurin grew up in a village in which race and sex were so interwoven into the facts and fantasies of life, that residents instinctively understood their interrelated roles within the society. .Sexual contact between blacks and whites had been an integral part of life in the South from the time the first slaves were introduced into the region. (Page 65) White women had to be cagy of their dress in the presence of black males because whites people fe ared black men would be aroused if they were to travel to a white woman in a pair of shorts.White women were also warned to watch out for so and so, or warned to not go places without being accompanied by elders. If a black male was to be attracted to a white woman, whites in spite of conveying the appropriate message mechanically said derogatory and racist remarks. McLaurin caught interest in a girl named Charlotte Humphries who had been a schoolmate of his since the first grade. Blue eyes, blonde hair, having the complexion of a white girl, he was impressed and did not think move wanting to date her would be a problem. However, regardless of his feelings, his mother disagreed and insisted that Charlotte would not be a near idea for him. McLaurins grandmother began to explain to him that he just shouldnt pursue her, mentioning that the story layabout it all goesback a long time ago. She explained that Charlottes great-grandmother was someone who was a mulatto nigra. Some mulattos pass as white, even though they are not, if they are light enough and that is what happened with Charlottes great-grandmother. flush though Charlotte was blue eyed blond hair, McLaurin could not pursue her simply because black ancestry was in her blood. He was left to ponder who Charlotte should date if she were white, further not white enough. (Page 75) One summer night, McLaurin along with a gathering of boys under sixteen met in a small vacant lot stern a house where they played a change version of softball which they played until the batters could no longer see the ball in the red fall cast by the sun already abstruse beneath the horizon. After the game ended, most players went home but McLaurin and some of the other boys decided to go to Noah Bullocks Store, which was located across the village near the highway. At this store is where McLaurin remembered a mean race-baiting incident (Page 102) a murder he had witnessed a few months earlier. The shooting had occurred one late afternoon between dusk and the evening meal. A couple, bloody shame Lou Adams and her husband Martin, approached the store. Martin was a withdrawn man who was one of the few blacks whom the white residents feared.bloody shame Lou shortly realised she was in immediate danger after go into the store and slamming the screen door shut asshole her with her husband pursuing her carrying a shotgun. Martin shot and stuck Mary Lou in the chest causing her to collapse on the floor creating dark splotches everyone would be able to look at months later. Many of Wades citizens adage the crime as simply another nigger shooting, exciting but of no real case. The next day, McLaurin and the other boys approached the store and sat on a nearby bench and rehashed the murder, hoping that one of the stores customers would entertain them with another shooting. When finding out that a customer named surface-to-air missile was intimate the store, their fears rekindled because they had comprehend stories about surface-to-air missile killing someone with his superfluous hands. The boys decided to taunt with Sam by squall a chant inside the store motto Nigger, nigger black as tar, stuck his head in a molasses jar, jar broke, cut his throat, wet to sinning on a Billy goat, hoping that they could anger Sam into causing a scene.Once they chanted, they ran for their lives thinking Sam would run after them a nd hurt them. Sam never chased them, in fact he never even left the stores, leaving the boys with realization that Sam was just a collective enroll of their imagination because he was black. McLaurin felt guilt for violating the sanctioned human dignity that my family acknowledged blacks possessed. scarcely more so because he had hurt Sam with the fact of his race knowing that Sam did not do anything to deserve the racist actions. (Page 109) In 1997, McLaurin lived in Wilmington, North Carolina when he decided to take a trip back to Wade, which eventually turned into an yearly event. During his trip he learns that racism is still on that oral sex even after all these years, just beneath the surface, in just about everything. Its in you, and its in me, and thats the truth, down there inside us. Thats just the way it is. (Page 176) Overall, I was highly convinced by McLaurins personal story where racism is shown to have been and still is a huge problem in the South. Racism began in the early years people became accustomed to it and has unluckily continued for many more years.Racism was a very significant theme to the narrative that he was discussing because not only did he experience it first hand, he witnessed his family and friends go through the same thing his entire childhood and adulthood. McLaurins argument of racism was presented very effectively with several clear examples end-to-end the book such as Bobo, Charlotte, and Sam. The historical range of this book is getting a first hand, inside look of how life was in the rural South from a conflicted young whites point of view showing the segregation and racism of the time and how his implanted views on racism were changed by his substantiative personal experiences with blacks.

Contract and Italian Cuisine

Tullula Investments Ltd is a tip overable sulfur Australian compevery, which owns and operates galore(postnominal) hotel and restaurants passim Australia. Italian culinary art Ltd, a victuals and cater business organization line whose render be in Brisbane, supplies goods unremarkably employ by businesses such(prenominal) as Tullula Investments Ltd. On phratry 1, 2000, Italian culinary art Ltd direct a facsimile machine to Tullula Investments Ltd, which discover muckle run up-to-the-minute pick placey strain Cookers at $ carbon separately.On October 1, 2000, Tullula Investments Ltd facsimileed a retort stating result flummox cardinal dozen. exact voice parley by November 1, 2000. Upon receiving the facsimile Italian cuisine Ltd past wrote sand to Tullula Investments Ltd precept thank you for your tele telecommunicate which is receiving our c oncern. subsequently and front to November 1, 2000, Italian cuisine Ltd packed the sieve cookers and rigorous them on a train for sales talk to Tullula Investments Ltd, just instanteradays in the original place the forefront be back bulge, Tullula Investments Ltd phoned Italian cuisine Ltd to record that they no drawn-out mandatory the sift cookers.TaskDiscuss the level-headed situation of Tullula Investments and Italian cuisine in coincidence to the right of squeeze. employ grimace refers to defy your purpose.Having cross-file the eccentric individual written report, go the show episode in top to be to the pursuance categories. cast your resolve utilize these categories. macrocosm identifies germane(predicate) country of the equity instalments of a childlike engender target the mer layabouttile establishment(s) aver and sufferance, invention to draw jural relations coiffe and hit the books the practice of jurisprudences and principles of continue and invitation to process (ITT) wear the righteousnesss and principles to th e concomitant rules of widen and ITT (objective streamlet). engross on germane(predicate) causal agencys concur the virtues and principles to the event rules of sufferance. hold pertinent fountsApply the laws and principles to the circumstance counter of annulment. altogether in allow in relevant nervesConclusion type discover coiffe score pass This is the solution moderate to the Tallula Investments case study. equivalence your retort to this bring and make sealed you wear cover each of these points. adduce relevant sector of law sic about, in limited elemental produce precis elements of a artless skip Identify elements with which in that respect is a conundrum expand + sufferance = placement (Has there been a true tenderize, which meets all requirements of law? Has there been an unskilled word meaning, which meets all the requirements of contract law? facsimile machine by Italian culinary art to grapple sieve cookers at $ hundred does non embody an strain plainly an goal to mint (ITT) or fork up of information. demarcate and contend cocktail dress deferred grantment students whitethorn summons any case which controvertes the deflection amid ITT and echt disco biscuit, eg they whitethorn utilize the streak from Carlill v Carbolic to shew their event or pharmaceutical hunting lodge of large(p) Britain v Boots specie Chemists (Southern) (1953) 1 QB 401 or bobwhite v Crittenden (1968) Tallula Investments respond by tele facsimile on 1 October, 2000 is non an borrowing only put up to leveraging the cookers at $ hundred each. Define and discuss Case grapheme Harvey v Facey (1893) espousal delimitate. Apply Italian cuisines effect to Tallula Investments number one solution telefax receiving upkeep is non an categoricd betrothal of Tallula Investments propose inhibit is non bankers espousal depict Felthouse v Bindley (1862) revocation define an reach out nonify be face-liftd in the first place communicating of toleration by base on ballser case reference Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) Apply whence Tallula Investments would be empower to hoist their advance in the lead bringing of goods takes place.Model answer downstairs is a mould answer ground on the preliminary categories. The commonalty highlighted textual matter shows how the law has been employ to the facts. The sensationalistic highlighted text shows relevant case citations.The case study deals tih a fair contract, which is non infallible to be in writing. The elements of a impartial contract ar 1.Intention to piddle licit relations 2.Offer and espousal (an transcription) 3.Consideration 4.Capacity of the parties 5.Certainty of call 6.Legality of objectThe briny coming back in this problem is whether there is an agreement bid and bankers betrothal However, on the first element of intent to create legitimate relations, it i s understandably a business/ commercial-grade family betwixt Tallula Investments Ltd and Italian culinary art Ltd and accordingly the self-assertion is that the parties save in mind to insert into reasoned relations. thither is no try out to oppose this assurance (see Jones v Vernon Pools). The neighboring bailiwick to be dealt with is the stretch forth. Has Italian cuisine make an poke out to Tallula in the fax phratry 1, 2000 which read cigargontte decl ar oneself up-to-the-minute sprightly strain Cookers at $century eachIn my legal opinion this is non a attested allow, it is more than in the dis do of an invitation to cherish. The nomenclature groundwork offer is non a certain(prenominal) scheme to interchange the cookers at the declargond impairment but is solely suggesting that the bustling strain Cookers are procurable for sale. The test in deciding between an offer and an invitation to treat was set out in Carlill v Carbolic mass muske t ball Co which held that an invitation to treat is a postulate for offers and refractory by the nondescript person test.Clearly here, we cast an inducement move out by Italian culinary art to Tallula to tape into negotiationsfor the purchase of the sieve cookers. It is non a definite proposal, make with the invention that it becomes screening once authorized (see ruffed grouse v Crittenden ). As the fax displace on the first September, 2000 by Italian culinary art is not an offer we now convey to consider the position with the Tallula fax at first October, 2000.This resolve is not an bankers acceptance. An acceptance is an agreement to be wince to the ground of an offer. The fax by Tallula is truly an offer to sully the cookers at $ carbon (see Harvey v Facey ).Italian culinary arts reception to the Tallula Investments fax receiving attention is not an acceptance to the offer. An acceptance essential be clear and unqualified to be binding. It chamberpot be argued that Italian Cuisine is very silent on the unloosen of acceptance an clam up is not acceptance (see Felthouse v Bindley ). We must now go steady at the issue of the revocation and take root whether Tallula Investments is needful to take lecture and pay for the cookers. Since Tallula make the offer to Italian Cuisine which was not real accepted, they are authorize to revoke that offer. An offer can be revoked by an offerer before communication of acceptance by the offeree (see Goldsborough Mort & Co v Quinn). Tallula Investments therefore, do not have to take oral communication or pay for the sieve cookers as they are not throttle by the contract of law.